Þorbjörn (mountain)
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Þorbjörn () is a 243 m high volcanic mountain next to the town of
Grindavík Grindavík () is a fishing town in the Southern Peninsula district of Iceland, not far from Þorbjörn, a tuya (a type of flat-topped, steep-sided volcano). It is one of the few towns with a harbour on this coast. Most of the inhabitants work ...
( Gullbringusýsla) on
Reykjanes peninsula Southern Peninsula (, ) is an administrative unit and part of Reykjanesskagi (pronounced ), or Reykjanes Peninsula, a region in southwest Iceland. It was named after Reykjanes, the southwestern tip of Reykjanesskagi. The region has a populatio ...
,
Iceland Iceland is a Nordic countries, Nordic island country between the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the regi ...
.Íslandshandbókin. Náttúra, saga of sérkenni. Reykjavík 1989, p. 65 Blue Lagoon can be easily seen from the summit.


Name

The name of Þorbjörn or ''Þorbjarnarfell'' , the “mountain of Þorbjörn” is a popular man's name in Iceland connected with the son of a farmer in the region. When a group of bandits were tyrannizing the farmers in the area and disappeared into hiding after their raids, the young man pretended to be part of the group and discovered their hiding place in a cave within the mountain. The bandits were captured and hanged. Since then, the small canyon within the mountain is called “Thieves’ Canyon” (''Þjófagjá'' ).


History

The
U.S. Army The United States Army (USA) is the primary land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution.Article II, section 2, clause 1 of the United Stat ...
built a jeep track up the mountain during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, which remains. Transmitters from the telephone company Sími and Icelandic National Television
RÚV Ríkisútvarpið (, ; abbr. RÚV ) is Iceland's national public broadcasting, public-service broadcasting organization. Founded in 1930, it operates from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavík, as well as regional centres around the count ...
occupy the site where the
U.S. Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest displacement, at 4.5 million tons in 2021. It has the world's largest aircraft ...
had installed radar stations. These were given to the Icelandic Government when the US Navy left the country in 2006.


Geography

The mountain is near the tip of Reykjanes peninsula between Svartsengi Power Station, Svartsengi Power Station with the Blue Lagoon and the town of Grindavík at Route 43 (Iceland), road 43 to the east. Another road, Route 43 (Iceland), route 426, runs around its western side from Grindavík to Svartsengi.


Geology

Þorbjörn grew from Subglacial volcano, subglacial eruptions during a cold spell in the Pleistocene. The subglacial volcano is located within the Reykjanes volcanic system or Eldvörp–Svartsengi, Svartsengi volcanic system, depending on author, and enclosed by Holocene lava fields. A visible tectonic graben runs over the top of the mountain forming a small canyon, up to 80 m deep. The mountain is a symbol of Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula, Reykjanes' geology.Reynir Ingibjartsson: 25 Gönguleiðir á Reykjanesskaga. Náttúrann við Bæjarveggin. Reykjavík , pp. 70-75


Pleistocene volcanoes on Reykjanes peninsula

Pleistocene volcanism on the Reykjanes peninsula is represented by the larger shield volcanoes and subglacially-formed ridge volcanoes or tuyas. Analysis of aerial photographs of shield volcanoes and glaciovolcanic edifices makes clear that the latter have much steeper slopes. Reykjanes has several kinds of subglacial volcanoes: ''tindars'', also called subglacial mounds, originating in fissure eruptions under glaciers, ''flat-topped tuyas'' (Geitahlíð), ''complex tuyas'' and even ''conical tuyas'' (Keilir (mountain), Keilir). ''Tindars/subglacial mounds/hyaloclastic ridge''s originate from subglacial fissure eruption, fissure "eruptions" which never emerged. The retreat of the Pleistocene glaciers and the drop in sea level allows these mountains to be researched. Whereas the magma of tuyas has enough pressure, viscosity or volume to build up a subglacial lake of its own meltwater, it later pushes through the water and ice to build up tephra and/or lava layers on top as well as lava deltas at its slopes.


Formation of the Þorbjörn tuya

It also built up a meltwater lake that Pedersen et al. define as “a pillow-dominated flat-topped tuya without a lava cap”. H. Björnsson explains that though the mountain is crossed by many faults and a graben, so that it looks like a complex formation, its origin is in a single eruption. Haukur Björnsson: Myndun Þorbjarnarfells. BS ritgerð. Leiðbeinandi Ármann Höskuldsson. Jarðvísindadeild Háskóli Íslands 2015
(in Icelandic, abstract also in English)
The pillows are formed and cooled in two stages: First the lava touches water and cools down rapidly. In the second step after pillow layers have formed, the meltwater lake or water (if the eruption is underwater in the sea or a lake) cools it further. On the other hand, whether the eruption turns explosive and forms hyaloclastite depends only on the magma pressure. In the upper part of Þorbjörn, there is also a rather eroded crater but, probably because of the erosion, no trace of subaerial lavas has been found. The tuya is slightly elongated in the direction of the volcanic fissure systems of Reykjanes, i.e. southwest to northeast.


Activity since 2020

As is often the case on Reykjanes peninsula, swarms of small earthquakes and associated ground uplift, thought to be linked to magma Intrusion (geology), intrusions, began in the region in 2020, and again in 2023. In January 2020, the instruments of IMO (the Icelandic Met Office, in Icelandic language, Icelandic: Veðurstofa Íslands) and other volcano monitoring stations showed ground uplift around and to the west of Þorbjörn. The uplift halted after some time and then restarted. Together with repeated earthquake swarms in the region, but also at the tip of Reykjanes peninsula (Gunnuhver, Sudurnes Geothermal Power Station) as well as under Fagradalsfjall which some authors classify as part of the Krýsuvík volcanic system, but others see as an independent Volcanism of Iceland, volcanic system, more uplift and earthquakes were measured where three smaller volcanic eruptions took place in the years 2021, 2022 and 2023. The volcano-tectonic movements which seem to touch a rather large area were still ongoing in November 2023. Observed in early 2020: * end of January 2020: uplift and earthquakes around Þorbjörn; per day, but gas measurements don't indicate Intrusion (geology), magmatic intrusions near the surface. * mid February 2020: uplift at Þorbjörn stops Veðurstofa Íslands:Stór skjálfti við Grindavík (12.3.2020) Retrieved 6 August 2020.
/ref> * 12 March 2020: A rather heavy earthquake took place not far from
Grindavík Grindavík () is a fishing town in the Southern Peninsula district of Iceland, not far from Þorbjörn, a tuya (a type of flat-topped, steep-sided volcano). It is one of the few towns with a harbour on this coast. Most of the inhabitants work ...
, it was first measured at , but corrected down to later on Veðurstofa Íslands: Landris hafið að nýju við Þorbjörn á Reykjanesi. (17.3.2020) Retrieved 6 August 2020.
/ref> * 17 March 2020: Uplift was measured again at Þorbjörn. But it was slower now. The uplift could be caused by rising magma, but such intrusive events can repeat itself for a rather long time, even years, without any eruptions. * 2 April 2020: A new intrusion was discovered on Reykjanes, in this case at Sýrfell under the tip of the peninsula, i.e. some km to the west of Þorbjörn.
Veðurstofa Íslands:Vísbendingar um nýtt kvikuinnskot á Reykjanesi. (2.4.2020) Retrieved 6 August 2020.
/ref> It stopped in the middle of the month. *These were the results of an interdisciplinary conference in Iceland on 8 April 2020: From January to mid April 2020, around 8,000 earthquakes were registered at the Reykjanes peninsula. This was the most important earthquake series in this region since the first earthquakes measured there. At the same time, uplift was about around Þorbjörn caused by a magmatic intrusion, a Sill (geology), sill, at a depth of . Another intrusion was found around the tip of the peninsula under the mountain Sýrfell. It lies deeper at about which means at the border between Earth's crust, crust and Earth's mantle, mantle in this region. The third intrusion was found near Þorbjörn and uplift had not terminated by mid-April 2020. Uplift and intrusion had started on 6 March 2020. It is thought to be another sill, this time at a depth of , but uplift is much slower than with the first intrusion there. The earthquakes are thought to result from Strain (mechanics), strain release. On Reykjanes peninsula, earthquake series are not rare. There was much activity, for instance from 1927 to 1955 and from 1967 to 1977, including a earthquake in 1929 and a 6.0 in 1968, both within the Brennisteinsfjöll. * End of May, beginning of June 2020: Over 700 – mostly small earthquakes measured around Þorbjörn. Uplift started again around the mountain. *End of July 2020: Another earthquake series took place in the region. This time, the hypocentre was below the mountain Fagradalsfjall. Movements were measured at a known Fault (geology), fault. The region is well known for repeated earthquake series. A small amount of subsidence was simultaneously registered at Svartsengi Power Station, Svartsengi.Veðurstofa Íslands: Jarðskjálftavirknin við Fagradalsfjall fer dvínandi.(23.7.2020) Retrieved 6 August 2020.
/ref> The newest events are interpreted as part of the overall volcano-tectonic activity registered on Reykjanes since 2019. This involves four volcanic systems: Eldey (a small island on Reykjanes Ridge, most of the system is Submarine volcano, submarine), Reykjanes, Svartsengi (seen by some as part of the Reykjanes system) and Krýsuvík. The Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula, Reykjanes peninsula is volcano-tectonically very active. It is the part of Iceland where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge effectively comes ashore. The previous large eruption series in this region took place in the 13th century (the ''Reykjanes Fires'', 1220–1240). Thor Thordarson, Armann Hoskuldsson: Iceland. Classic geology of Europe 3. Harpenden 2002, pp. 64-65


Hiking

Some hiking trails lead onto the mountain, e.g. from the southwest.


See also

*Tuyas *
Grindavík Grindavík () is a fishing town in the Southern Peninsula district of Iceland, not far from Þorbjörn, a tuya (a type of flat-topped, steep-sided volcano). It is one of the few towns with a harbour on this coast. Most of the inhabitants work ...
*Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula *Reykjanes Volcanic Belt


External links


A.S. Fontaine: ''Mt. Thorbjorn, volcano in Reykjanes: What you need to know.'' In:'' Grapevine''. (17 January 2020)Geologist Páll Einarsson explains the geology of Reykjanes as well as the 2020 earthquake series
RÚV Ríkisútvarpið (, ; abbr. RÚV ) is Iceland's national public broadcasting, public-service broadcasting organization. Founded in 1930, it operates from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavík, as well as regional centres around the count ...
. 20 October 2020. (in Icelandic)


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorbjorn (mountain) Mountains of Iceland, Þorbjörn Volcanoes of Iceland, Þorbjörn Southern Peninsula (Iceland), Þorbjörn Subglacial volcanoes of Iceland, Þorbjörn Reykjanes Volcanic Belt, Þorbjörn Tuyas of Iceland, Þorbjörn Pleistocene volcanoes