Éliane Radigue

Éliane Radigue (born January 24, 1932) is a French composer. She began working in the 1950s and her first compositions were presented in the late 1960s. Until 2000 her work was almost exclusively created with the ARP 2500 modular synthesizer and tape. Since 2001 she has composed mainly for acoustic instruments.

Biography

Radigue was born in a modest family of merchants and raised in Paris at Les Halles. She later married the French-born American artist Arman with whom she lived in Nice Pierre Schaeffer. She soon met him, and in the early '50s became his student, working periodically at the Studio d'Essai during visits to Paris. In the early 1960s, she was assistant to Pierre Henry, creating some of the sounds which appeared in his works. As her own work matured, Schaeffer and Henry felt that her use of microphone feedback and long tape loops (as heard in ''Vice-Versa'' and ''Feedback Works 1969-1970'') was moving away from their ideals, though her practice was still related to their methods.

Career

1955–1957: Apprenticeship in musique concrète

Radigue's initial education on electroacoustic music was from composer Pierre Schaeffer, to whom she was introduced via radio broadcasts of his music. After meeting him in person through a mutual friend, Radigue started her music education under Schaeffer and Pierre Henry at Studio d'Essai de la Radiodiffusion Nationale in Paris on 1955. At the institution, Radigue was trained on tape music techniques as a part of her education in musique concrète. Radigue described the experience of working in the Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète as eye-opening, as it introduced her to the idea that any sounds were able to be considered musical. However, she also described her early music to be paralleled from the practice as both of her educators disfavored electronic music over musique concrète principles.

1960s: Tape feedback

Radigue left Studio d'Essai due to the need to support her children's education. As she lost access to studios and equipment, she pursued music education on classical composition, harp, and piano. In 1967, Radigue reconnected with Pierre Henry and started to work as his assistant at Studio Apsome. During this time, she developed a particular interest in tape feedback technique, as it fit her sonic vision of minuscule developments over an extended time. After a year, Radigue resigned and started her professional music career, primarily working within the tape editing medium.

1970s–1990s: Experiments with synthesizers

Around 1970, Radigue created her first synthesizer-based music in a studio she shared with Laurie Spiegel on a Buchla synthesizer installed by Morton Subotnick at NYU. (''Chry-ptus'' dates from this time.) Her goal at this point was to create a slow, purposeful "unfolding" of sound through the use of analogue synthesizers and magnetic tape, with results she felt to be closer to the minimal composers of New York at the time than to the French musique concrète composers who had been her previous allies. She experimented with Buchla and Moog synthesizers before finding in the ARP 2500 synthesizer the vehicle she would use exclusively for the next 25 years in forging her characteristic sound, beginning with ''Adnos I'' (1974). After that work's premiere at Mills College at the invitation of Terry Riley, a group of visiting French music students spoke to her about Tibetan Buddhism, a subject she found fascinating and began investigating upon her return to Paris.

In the 1970s, Radigue was romantically involved with pianist and composer Gérard Frémy. Her piece ''Geelriandre'' (1972) was dedicated to Frémy, and featured him on prepared piano, one of the rare appearances of the instrument in her catalog.

Buddhist influence

After investigating Tibetan Buddhism, she quickly converted and spent the next three years devoted to its practice under her guru Tsuglak Mawe Wangchuk (purportedly the tenth incarnation of Pawo Rinpoche), who subsequently sent her back to her musical work. She returned to composition, picking up where she left off, using the same working methods and goals as before, finishing ''Adnos II'' in 1979 and ''Adnos III'' in 1980. Then came a series of works dedicated to Milarepa, the Tibetan yogi, known for his ''Hundred Thousand Songs'' representing the basis of his teaching. First she composed the ''Songs of Milarepa'', followed by ''Jetsun Mila'', an evocation of the life of this master; the creation of these works was sponsored by the French government.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, she devoted herself to a singular three-hour work. Considered to be her masterpiece, the ''Trilogie de la Mort'' was released in 1998; the first part ''kyema Intermediate states'' follows the path of the continuum of the six states of consciousness. The work was influenced as much by the Bardo Thodol (aka Tibetan Book of the Dead) and her meditation practice, as by the deaths of Tsuglak Mawe Wangchuk and of her son Yves Arman. The first third of the ''Trilogie'', "Kyema", was her first recording to be released on Phill Niblock's XI label. In his AllMusic review, "Blue" Gene Tyranny described ''Trilogie de la Mort'' as a "profound work of electronic music".

2000s–present: Acoustic works

In 2000, she made her last electronic work in Paris, ''L'Ile Re-sonante'', for which she received the Golden Nica Award at the festival Ars Electronica in 2006.

In 2001, on request from electric bassist and composer Kasper T. Toeplitz, she created her first instrumental work, ''Elemental II'', which she took up again with The Lappetites, a laptop improvisation group comprising Antye Greie/AGF, Kaffe Matthews

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