Édouard Dujardin (; 10 November 1861 – 31 October 1949) was a French writer, one of the early users of the

stream of consciousness In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. It is usually in the form of an interior monologue which ...

literary technique, exemplified by his 1888 novel '' Les Lauriers sont coupés.''

Biography

Édouard Émile Louis Dujardin was born in Saint-Gervais-la-Forêt, Loir-et-Cher, and was the only child of Alphonse Dujardin, a sea captain. Stephane Mallarmé described him as "the offspring of an old sea-dog and a Brittany cow". Lucie-Smith, Edward. (1972) ''Symbolist Art''. London:

Thames & Hudson Thames & Hudson (sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books in all visually creative categories: art, architecture, design, photography, fashion, film, and the performing arts. It also publishes books on archaeology, history, ...

, p. 58. He was educated at the '' Lycée Pierre Corneille'' in Rouen. Dujardin became editor of the journal ''Revue Indépendente'' in 1886, and it was in this journal that his first works were published. His association with this journal resulted in it being termed an "important voice for the symbolists" (

Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center The Harry Ransom Center, known as the Humanities Research Center until 1983, is an archive, library, and museum at the University of Texas at Austin, specializing in the collection of literary and cultural artifacts from the Americas and Europe ...

2004). When his parents died, Dujardin was the sole heir to their fortune, and he used some of this money to finance the plays ''Antonia'' in 1891 and ''Le Chevalier Du Passé'' in 1882. His literary works are extensive and include numerous plays, poems and novels. Dujardin also produced works of literary and social criticism and reminiscence.

James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (born James Augusta Joyce; 2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influentia ...

claimed his style of interior monologue owed its influence to works by Dujardin. He continued his involvement with journalism throughout his life and this resulted in numerous disputes with authorities, including charges of treason, though he was never convicted. Dujardin had expensive and lavish tastes for clothing which was deemed "dandyish" for his time, and was known to frequent Parisian night life. His many dalliances with women were noted and he had had numerous relationships with actresses, models and other glamorous women. Dujardin was also known to have many female friends involved in the arts and he supported some of them financially. His frivolous lifestyle eventually reduced his finances so he began numerous financial ventures, including gambling and real estate. He also offered his services to periodicals for marketing and advertising campaigns. It was here that the police noticed an article compiled by Dujardin which resulted in a jail sentence, though it was later remitted. In 1885 Dujardin and Téodor de Wyzewa initiated the '' Revue wagnérienne'', imitating

Félix Fénéon Félix Fénéon (; 22 June 1861 – 29 February 1944) was a French art critic, gallery director, writer and anarchist during the late 19th century and early 20th century. He coined the term '' Neo-Impressionism'' in 1886 to identify a group of ...

and his '' Revue Indépendante'' which had first been published the year before. This annual journal, dedicated to the work of the German composer

Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, essayist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most o ...

, ran for three issues, from 1885 to 1887. In 1886 Dujardin and Fénéon joined forces under the banner of a new improved ''Revue Indépendante''. One of the innovations at this time was that the ''Revue'' started having small exhibitions in its rooms. Dujardin married a woman named Germaine in 1893 and they later separated in 1901. They did not divorce until 1924 when he married Marie Chenou, a woman thirty years his junior. He corresponded frequently with the Irish writer George Moore during a long and enduring friendship. In May 1922 he attended the International Congress of Progressive Artists and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists". Dujardin was an advocate of the

Christ myth theory The Christ myth theory, also known as the Jesus myth theory, Jesus mythicism, or the Jesus ahistoricity theory, is the fringe view that the story of Jesus is a work of mythology with no historical substance. Alternatively, in terms given by ...

.Weaver, Walter P. (1999). ''The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900-1950''. Trinity Press International. p. 300. He wrote the book ''Ancient History of the God Jesus'' (1938). He fathered two children, lived a peaceful life during his old age and died aged 88 years old on 31 October 1949.

List of works

Plays

*''Le Chevalier du passé'' (1882) *''Antonia'' (1891) *''Les époux d'Heur-le-Port'' (1921)

Novels and other works

*'' Les Lauriers sont coupés'' (''The Bays are Sere'') (1888)
''The Source of the Christian Tradition: A Critical History of Ancient Judaism''
(translated by

Joseph McCabe Joseph Martin McCabe (12 November 1867 – 10 January 1955) was an English writer and speaker on freethought, after having been a Roman Catholic priest earlier in his life. He was "one of the great mouthpieces of freethought in England". Becom ...

, 1911) *''Interior Monologue'' *''Mallarmé par un des siens'' *''Ancient History of the God Jesus'' (translated by A. Brodie Sanders, 1938)

References and sources

;References ;Sources *George Moore, ''Letters from George Moore to Ed. Dujardin, 1886–1922'', Crosby Gaige, 1929
Dujardin's papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center

External links

Édouard Dujardin Papers
and th

at the

Harry Ransom Center The Harry Ransom Center, known as the Humanities Research Center until 1983, is an archive, library, and museum at the University of Texas at Austin, specializing in the collection of literary and cultural artifacts from the Americas and Europe ...

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Dujardin, Edouard 1861 births 1949 deaths People from Loir-et-Cher 19th-century French novelists 20th-century French novelists Modernist writers Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni French male novelists 19th-century French male writers French magazine founders