Ágnes Heller
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Ágnes Heller (12 May 1929 – 19 July 2019) was a Hungarian philosopher and lecturer. She was a core member of the Budapest School philosophical forum in the 1960s and later taught political theory for 25 years at the
New School for Social Research The New School for Social Research (NSSR), previously known as The University in Exile and The New School University, is a graduate-level educational division of The New School in New York City, United States. NSSR enrolls more than 1,000 stud ...
in
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. She lived, wrote and lectured in Budapest.


Early life and political development

Ágnes Heller was born on 12 May 1929, to Pál Heller and Angéla "Angyalka" Ligeti. They were a middle-class
Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
family. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
her father used his legal training and knowledge of German to help people get the necessary paperwork to emigrate from
Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
Europe. In 1944, Heller's father was deported to the
Auschwitz concentration camp Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 Nazi concentration camps, concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) d ...
where he died before the war ended. Heller and her mother managed to avoid deportation. With regard to the influence of
the Holocaust The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...
on her work, Heller said: :I was always interested in the question: How could this possibly happen? How can I understand this? And this experience of the holocaust was joined with my experience in the totalitarian regime. This brought up very similar questions in my soul-search and world investigation: how could this happen? How could people do things like this? So I had to find out what morality is all about, what is the nature of good and evil, what can I do about crime, what can I figure out about the sources of morality and evil? That was the first inquiry. The other inquiry was a social question: what kind of world can produce this? What kind of world allows such things to happen? What is modernity all about? Can we expect redemption? In 1947, Heller began to study physics and chemistry at the University of Budapest. She changed her focus to philosophy, however, when her boyfriend at the time urged her to listen to the lecture of the philosopher
György Lukács György Lukács (born Bernát György Löwinger; ; ; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary historian, literary critic, and Aesthetics, aesthetician. He was one of the founders of Western Marxism, an inter ...
, on the intersections of philosophy and culture. She was immediately taken by how much his lecture addressed her concerns and interests in how to live in the modern world, especially after the experience of World War II and the Holocaust. Heller joined the Communist Party that year, 1947, while at a Zionist work camp and began to develop her interest in
Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, ...
. However, she felt that the Party was stifling the ability of its adherents to think freely due to its adherence to democratic centralism. She was expelled from it for the first time in 1949, the year that Mátyás Rákosi came into power and ushered in the years of Stalinist rule.


Scientific work


Early career in Hungary

After 1953 and the installation of Imre Nagy as Prime Minister, Heller was able to safely undertake her doctoral studies under the supervision of Lukács, and in 1955 she began to teach at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Budapest.


From the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 to the Prague Spring of 1968

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution was the most important political event of her life, for at this time she saw the effect of the academic freedoms of Marxist critical theory as dangerous to the entire political and social structure of Hungary. Heller saw the uprising as confirming her ideas that what
Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet '' The Communist Manifesto'' (written with Friedrich Engels) ...
really means for the people is to have political autonomy and collective determination of social life. Lukács, Heller and other critical theorists emerged from the Revolution with the belief that Marxism and
socialism Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...
needed to be applied to different nations in individual ways, effectively questioning the role of the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
in Hungary's future. These ideas set Heller on an ideological collision course with the new Moscow-supported government of János Kádár: Heller was again expelled from the Communist Party and she was dismissed from the university in 1958 for refusing to indict Lukács as a collaborator in the Revolution. She was not able to resume her research until 1963, when she was invited to join the Sociological Institute at the Hungarian Academy as a researcher (Tormey 4–18) (Grumley 5–15). From 1963 can be seen the emergence of what would later be called the " Budapest School", a philosophical forum that was formed by Lukács to promote the renewal of Marxist criticism in the face of practiced and theoretical socialism. Other participants in the Budapest School included together with Heller her second husband Ferenc Fehér, György Márkus, Mihály Vajda and some other scholars with the looser connection to the school (such as András Hegedüs, István Eörsi, János Kis and György Bence). Heller's work from this period, concentrated on themes such as what Marx means to be the character of modern societies; liberation theory as applied to the individual; the work of changing society and government from "the bottom up," and affecting change through the level of the values, beliefs and customs of "
everyday life Everyday life, daily life or routine life comprises the ways in which people typically act, think, and feel on a daily basis. Everyday life may be described as mundane, routine, natural, habitual, or Normality (behavior), normal. Human diurna ...
".


Career in Hungary after the Prague Spring

Until the events of the 1968 Prague Spring, the Budapest School remained supportive of reformist attitudes towards socialism. After the invasion of Czechoslovakia by
Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a Collective security#Collective defense, collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Polish People's Republic, Poland, between the Sovi ...
forces and the crushing of dissent, however, the School and Heller came to believe that the Eastern European regimes were entirely corrupted and that reformist theory was apologist. Heller explains in her interview with Polony that: :the regime just could not tolerate any other opinion; that is what a totalitarian regime is. But a totalitarian regime cannot totalize entirely, it cannot dismiss pluralism; pluralism exists in the modern world, but it can outlaw pluralism. To outlaw pluralism means that the Party decided which kind of dissenting opinion was allowed. That is, you could not write something without it being allowed by the Party. But we had started to write and think independently and that was such a tremendous challenge against the way the whole system worked. They could not possibly tolerate not playing by the rules of the game. And we did not play by the rules of the game. This view was completely incompatible with Kadar's view of Hungary's political future after the Revolution of 1956. According to an interview with Heller in 2010 in the German newspaper '' Jungle World'', she thought that political and criminal processes after 1956 were antisemitic. After Lukács died in 1971, the School's members were victims of political persecution, were made unemployed through their dismissal from their university jobs, and were subjected to official surveillance and general harassment. Rather than remain as dissidents, Heller and her husband the philosopher Ferenc Fehér, along with many other members of the core group of the School, chose exile in Australia in 1977.


Career abroad

Heller and Fehér encountered what they regarded as the sterility of local culture and lived in relative suburban obscurity close to La Trobe University in
Melbourne Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...
. They assisted in the founding of '' Thesis Eleven'' in 1980, and its development into a leading Australian journal of social theory and forum for "politically independent" left wing thought. During this period she also made frequent contributions to '' Dialectical Anthropology'', which was headquartered at the
New School for Social Research The New School for Social Research (NSSR), previously known as The University in Exile and The New School University, is a graduate-level educational division of The New School in New York City, United States. NSSR enrolls more than 1,000 stud ...
, where she would soon take an appointment. As described by Tormey, Heller's mature thought during this time period was based on the tenets that can be attributed to her personal history and experience as a member of the Budapest School, focusing on the stress on the individual as agent; the hostility to the justification of the state of affairs by reference to non-moral or non-ethical criteria; the belief in "human substance" as the origin of everything that is good or worthwhile; and the hostility to forms of theorizing and political practice that deny equality, rationality and self-determination in the name of "our" interests and needs, however defined. Heller and Fehér left Australia in 1986 to take up positions in The New School in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, where Heller held the position of Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy in the Graduate Studies Program. Her contribution to the field of philosophy was recognized by the many awards that she received (such as the Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Philosophy, Bremen, 1995) and the Szechenyi National Prize in Hungary, 1995 and the various academic societies that she served on, including the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2006 she visited China for a week for the first time. Heller researched and wrote prolifically on ethics,
Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...
,
aesthetics Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and taste (sociology), taste, which in a broad sense incorporates the philosophy of art.Slater, B. H.Aesthetics ''Internet Encyclopedia of Ph ...
, political theory, modernity, and the role of
Central Europe Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern Europe, Eastern, Southern Europe, Southern, Western Europe, Western and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity; however, countries in ...
in historical events. From 1990, Heller was more interested in the issues of
aesthetics Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and taste (sociology), taste, which in a broad sense incorporates the philosophy of art.Slater, B. H.Aesthetics ''Internet Encyclopedia of Ph ...
in ''The Concept of The Beautiful'' (1998), ''Time Is Out of Joint'' (2002), and ''Immortal Comedy'' (2005). In 2006, she was the recipient of the Sonning Prize, in 2010 she was of three recipients of the Goethe Medal, and in 2014 she received the Wallenberg Medal. In 2010, Heller, with 26 other well known and successful Hungarian women, joined the campaign for a referendum for a female quota in the Hungarian legislature. Heller published internationally renowned works, including republications of her previous works in English, all of which are internationally revered by scholars such as Lydia Goehr (on Heller's ''The Concept of the Beautiful''), Richard Wolin (on Heller's republication of ''A Theory of Feelings''), Dmitri Nikulin (on comedy and ethics), John Grumley (whose own work focuses on Heller in ''Agnes Heller: A Moralist in the Vortex of History''), John Rundell (on Heller's aesthetics and theory of modernity), Preben Kaarsholm (on Heller's ''A Short History of My Philosophy''), among others. Heller was professor emeritus at the New School for Social Research in New York. She worked actively both academically and politically around the globe. She spoke at the Imre Kertész College in Jena, Germany, together with Polish sociologist
Zygmunt Bauman Zygmunt Bauman (; ; 19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish–British sociologist and philosopher. He was driven out of the Polish People's Republic during the 1968 Polish political crisis and forced to give up his Polish citizenship. ...
, at the Tübingen Book Fair in Germany speaking together with Former German Justice Minister, Herta Däubler-Gmelin, and other venues worldwide.


Personal life

Heller married fellow philosopher István Hermann in 1949. Their only daughter, Zsuzsanna "Zsuzsa" Hermann, was born on 1 October 1952. After their divorce in 1962, Heller married Ferenc Fehér in 1963, also a member of Lukács' circle. Heller and Fehér had a son, György Fehér (1964). Ferenc Fehér died in 1994. Ágnes Heller mentions that prominent Hungarian violinist Leopold Auer was related to her family on her mother's side. Heller is second-cousin of 20th century contemporary composer György Ligeti. In 2018 November, Heller participated in the first international conference on Eastern European Marxist Critical Theory in Sichuan University for one week. While going for a swim in
Lake Balaton Lake Balaton () is a freshwater rift lake in the Transdanubian region of Hungary. It is the List of largest lakes of Europe, largest lake in Central Europe, and one of the region's foremost tourist destinations. The Zala River provides the larges ...
on 19 July 2019, Heller drowned in Balatonalmádi.


Awards and honors

* Lessing Award, Hamburg (1981) * Hannah Arendt professor of philosophy, Bremen, (1994) * Széchenyi Prize (1995) – Tudományos munkássága elismeréseként. * Doctor honoris causa, Melbourne, (1996) *
Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary The Hungarian Order of Merit () is the fourth highest Order (honour), State Order of Hungary. Founded in 1991, the order is a revival of an original order founded in 1946 and abolished in 1949. Its origins, however, can be traced to the Order of ...
(Civilian), Grand Cross – Star (2004) *
European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...
Italian Section Award (2004) * Pro Scientia Golden Medal (2005) * Sonning Prize (2006) * Hermann Cohen Award (2007) * Vig Mónika Award (2007) * Mazsike Várhegyi György Award (2007) * Freeman of
Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
(2008) * Goethe Medal (2010) * Hungarian Socialist Party Medal for public activity (2011) * Wallenberg Medal (2014) * International Willy-Brandt Prize (2015) * Courage in Public Scholarship Award (2016) * Friedrich Nietzsche Prize (posthum) (2019) In 2023, the
University of Innsbruck The University of Innsbruck (; ) is a public research university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol (state), Tyrol, founded on October 15, 1669. It is the largest education facility in the Austrian States of Austria, ...
named a new building on its campus after the philosopher: Ágnes-Heller-Haus.


Works


Articles

* "The Marxist Theory of Revolution and the Revolution in Everyday Life" ('' Telos'', Fall 1970) * "On the New Adventures of the Dialectic" (''Telos'', Spring 1977) * "Forms of Equality" (''Telos'', Summer 1977) *
Towards an anthropology of feeling
( Dialectical Anthropology 4, 1–20, 1979) * "Comedy and Rationality" (''Telos'', Fall 1980) * "The Antinomies of Peace" (''Telos'', Fall 1982) * "From Red to Green" (''Telos'', Spring 1984) * "Lukacs and the Holy Family" (''Telos'', Winter 1984–5) * "Towards a Marxist Theory of Value." (''Kinesis 5:1,'' Fall 1972, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL) * "Hermeneutics in Social Science toward a Hermeneutics of Social Science" (''Theory and Society'', May 1989) * "Where are we at home?" (''Thesis Eleven'' ''41'', 1995)


Books

* ''Towards a Marxist Theory of Value''. Carbondale: University of Southern Illinois, Telos Books, 1972. * (contributor) ''Individuum and Praxis: Positionen der Budapester Schule'' (ed. György Lukács; collected essays translated from Hungarian). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1975. * (contributor) ''The Humanisation of Socialism: Writings of the Budapest School'' (ed. András Hegedűs; collected essays translated from Hungarian). London: Allison and Busby, 1976. * ''The Theory of Need in Marx''. London: Allison and Busby, 1976. * ''Renaissance Man'' (English translation of Hungarian original). London, Boston, Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. * ''On Instincts'' (English translation of Hungarian original). Assen: Van Gorcum, 1979. *''A Theory of History.'' London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982. * ''Dictatorship Over Needs'' (with Ferenc Fehér and G. Markus). Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983. * ''Hungary, 1956 Revisited: The Message of a Revolution – a Quarter of a Century After'' (with F. Fehér). London, Boston, Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1983. * (ed.) ''Lukács Revalued''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983 (paperback, 1984). * ''Everyday Life'' (English translation of Hungarian 1970 original). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. *''A Radical Philosophy'' B. Blackwell; First edition. (1 January 1984) * ''The Power of Shame: A Rationalist Perspective''. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985. * ''Doomsday or Deterrence'' (with F. Fehér). White Plains: M. E. Sharpe, 1986. * (ed. with F. Fehér) ''Reconstructing Aesthetics''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. * ''Eastern Left – Western Left. Freedom, Totalitarianism, Democracy'' (with F. Fehér). Cambridge, New York: Polity Press, Humanities Press, 1987. * ''Beyond Justice'', Oxford, Boston: Basil Blackwell, 1988. * ''General Ethics''. Oxford, Boston: Basil Blackwell, 1989. * ''The Postmodern Political Condition'' (with F. Fehér). Cambridge, New York: Polity Press Columbia University Press, 1989. * ''Can Modernity Survive?'' Cambridge, Berkeley, Los Angeles: Polity Press and
University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty ...
, 1990. * ''From Yalta to Glasnost: The Dismantling of Stalin's Empire'' (with F. Fehér). Oxford, Boston: Basil Blackwell, 1990. * ''The Grandeur and Twilight of Radical Universalism'' (with F. Fehér). New Brunswick: Transaction, 1990. * ''A Philosophy of Morals''. Oxford, Boston: Basil Blackwell, 1990. * ''An Ethics of Personality''. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1996. * ''A Theory of Modernity''. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 1999. * ''The Time is Out of Joint: Shakespeare as Philosopher of History''. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. * ''The insolubility of the "Jewish question", or Why was I born Hebrew, and why not negro?'' Budapest: Múlt és Jövő Kiadó, 2004. * ''Immortal Comedy: The Comic Phenomenon in Art, Literature, and Life''. Lanham et al.: Lexington Books, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc, 2005. * ''A mai történelmi regény'' ("The historical novel today", in Hungarian). Budapest: Múlt és Jövő Kiadó, 2011.


References


Sources

* R. J. Crampton ''Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century-And Beyond''. Second Edition. London: Routledge, 1994. * Ferenc Fehér and Agnes Heller (1983), ''Hungary 1956 Revisited: The Message of a revolution- a Quarter of a Century After'', London, UK: George Allen and Unwin Publishers Ltd * John Grumley (2005), ''Ágnes Heller: A Moralist in the Vortex of History'', London, UK: Pluto Press * Curriculum vitae of Ágnes Heller * Agnes Heller (2000)
''The Frankfurt School''
2 December 2005. * Csaba Polony

* Simon Tormey (2001), ''Ágnes Heller: Socialism, Autonomy and the Postmodern'', Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press * Fu Qilin, "Budapest School Aesthetics: An Interview with Agnes Heller", ''Thesis Eleven'', 2008, Vol. 1, no. 94. * Agnes Heller, "Preface to ''A Study of Agnes Heller's thoughts about Aesthetic Modernity'' by Fu Qilin", ''Compatarative Literature'', 2006, vol. 8, no. 1


External links

* Anna-Verena Nosthoff
"Agnes Heller and 'Everyday Revolutions'"
''Public Seminar (Online Journal by the New School of Social Research)'' * Collegium Budapestbr>

"You always have a choice" , DW Interview

Interview

2014, Wallenberg Lecture

"Interview with Ágnes Heller: Post Marxism and the Ethics of Modernity"
''A Brief History of Radical Philosophy'', 2005. 2 December 2005. * Heller, Ágnes
"The Three Logics of Modernity and the Double Bind of the Modern Imagination"
''Collegium Budapest'', 2 December 2005 (pdf file). * Rick Kuhn

24 August 2004, 2 December 2005. * Mikko Mäntysaari
"Ágnes Heller"
, 2 December 2005. * Liam McNamara, Michael E. Gardiner (2000)
''Critiques of Everyday Life''
, New York and London: Routledge. . 2 December 2005. * Simon Tormey
"Interviews with Agnes Heller (1998)"
1 February 2004. 2 December 2005.
Agnes Heller at University of Milan, Italy
, 7 May 2008. * Andrea Vestrucci
Interview with Agnes Heller, "On Ethics of Personality"
in ''Secretum'' 16, 2008

* Interview wit


Interview with Philosopher's Zone
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heller, Agnes 1929 births 2019 deaths People from Budapest Academic staff of Eötvös Loránd University Hungarian Jews Members of the Hungarian Working People's Party Marxist theorists Jewish philosophers Hungarian women philosophers Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hungarian Holocaust survivors Hungarian women sociologists Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary 20th-century Hungarian philosophers Existentialists Hegelian philosophers Deaths by drowning 20th-century Hungarian women writers Burials at Kozma Street Cemetery Hungarian lecturers