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Workerism
Workerism is a political theory that emphasizes the importance of or glorifies the working class. Workerism, or , was of particular significance in Italian left-wing politics, being largely embraced in Italian political groups ranging from Italian communists to Italian anarchists. As revolutionary praxis Workerism (or ) is a political analysis, whose main elements were to merge into autonomism, that starts out from the power of the working class. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, known as operaist and autonomist writers, offer a definition of , quoting from Karl Marx as they do so: : builds on Marx's claim that capital reacts to the struggles of the working class; the working class is active and capital reactive. :Technological development: Where there are strikes, machines will follow. "It would be possible to write a whole history of the inventions made since 1830 for the sole purpose of providing capital with weapons against working-class revolt." (''Capital'', Vol. 1, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classe Operaia
''Classe Operaia'' (Italian for "Working Class") was a Marxist monthly magazine which was published in Italy for three years between 1964 and 1967. Its subtitle was "political monthly of the workers in struggle." History and profile ''Classe Operaia'' was founded by a group of Marxist intellectuals who left another Marxist magazine entitled '' Quaderni Rossi''. They planned to be involved in more direct political activity through ''Classe Operaia''. The first issue of ''Classe Operaia'' came out in January 1964. Asor Rosa and Mario Tronti co-edited the magazine from its start in 1964 to 1966. One of the main contributors was philosopher Antonio Negri. Target audience of ''Classe Operaia'' was the workers, and it was not only a theoretical publication, but also a practice-oriented publication. The magazine's debut editorial, "Lenin in Inghilterra" (), by Mario Tronti emphasized the need to change the Marxist tradition which included the modification the dominant perspective of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autonomism
Autonomism or ''autonomismo'', also known as autonomist Marxism or autonomous Marxism, is an anti-capitalist social movement and Marxist-based theoretical current that first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (). Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant, after influence from the Situationists, the failure of Italian far-left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri, who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio, as well as Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno, and Franco Berardi. George Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements by saying that " contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures of modern institutions, autonomous social movements involve people directly in decisions affecting their everyday lives, seeking to expand democracy and help individuals break free of political structures and behavior patterns imposed from the ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autonomist
Autonomism or ''autonomismo'', also known as autonomist Marxism or autonomous Marxism, is an anti-capitalist Anti-capitalism is a political ideology and Political movement, movement encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose capitalism. Anti-capitalists seek to combat the worst effects of capitalism and to eventually replace capitalism ... social movement and Marxist-based theoretical current that first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (). Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant, after influence from the Situationists, the failure of Italian far-left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri, who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio, as well as Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno, and Franco Berardi. George Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements by saying that "[i]n contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raniero Panzieri
Raniero Panzieri (14 February 1921 – 9 October 1964) was an Italian politician, writer and Marxist theoretician, considered as the founder of operaismo. Biography Raniero Panzieri was born in Rome in 1921. He lived in Sicily and was active in the ranks of the Italian Socialist Party. Whilst taking an active part in struggles for land reform, he began to write. In 1953 he became a member of the central committee of the PSI and then in 1957 the co-director of the theoretical review '' Mondo operaio'' (Workers World), which he turned into a discussion forum for the left of the party. During this period he translated Karl Marx's ''Capital'' into Italian. At the 1959 congress of the Italian Socialist Party, Panzieri opposed the creation of a governmental accord with Christian Democracy. This led to his expulsion from the party. He then moved to Turin, where he worked for the Einaudi publishing house. He forged links with several groups of militant trade unionists, socialists and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonio Negri
Antonio Negri (; ; 1 August 1933 – 16 December 2023) was an Italian political philosopher known as one of the most prominent theorists of autonomism, as well as for his co-authorship of ''Empire (Hardt and Negri book), Empire'' with Michael Hardt. Born in Padua, Italy, Negri became a professor of political philosophy at the University of Padua, where he taught state and constitutional theory. Negri founded the Potere Operaio (Worker Power) group in 1969 and was a leading member of Autonomia Operaia, and published highly influential books, including Empire (Hardt and Negri book), ''Empire'' and ''Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire'', urging "revolutionary consciousness." Negri was accused in the late 1970s of being the mastermind of the left-wing urban guerrilla organization Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse or BR), which was involved in the Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro, May 1978 kidnapping and murder of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro. On 7 April 197 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land border, as well as List of islands of Italy, nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino. It is the List of European countries by area, tenth-largest country in Europe by area, covering , and the third-most populous member state of the European Union, with nearly 59 million inhabitants. Italy's capital and List of cities in Italy, largest city is Rome; other major cities include Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, and Venice. The history of Italy goes back to numerous List of ancient peoples of Italy, Italic peoples—notably including the ancient Romans, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist
Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products in society based on need.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." A communist society entails the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a libertarian socialist approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and an authoritarian socialist, vanguardist, or party-driven approach to establish a socialist state, which is expected to wither away. Communist parties have been described as radi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verso Books
Verso Books (formerly New Left Books) is a publishing house based in London and New York City, founded in 1970 by the staff of ''New Left Review'' (NLR) and includes Tariq Ali and Perry Anderson on its board of directors. According to its website, it's the largest independent, radical publishing house in the English-speaking world, publishing one hundred books a year. ''Harper's'' called it "Anglo-America's preeminent radical press," and ''The Sunday Times'' called it "a rigorously intelligent publisher." Operations In 1970, Verso Books began as a paperback imprint of New Left Books and became its sole imprint. It established itself as a publisher of nonfiction works on international politics. Verso Books has also periodically published fiction over its history. On April 8, 2014 Verso began bundling DRM-free e-books with print purchases made through its website. Verso's managing director and US publisher, Jacob Stevens, stated that he expected the new offer on the Verso website ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mario Tronti
Mario Tronti (24 July 1931 – 7 August 2023) was an Italian philosopher and politician, considered one of the founders of the theory of operaismo in the 1960s. An active member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) during the 1950s, he was, with Raniero Panzieri, amongst the founders of the '' Quaderni Rossi'' (Red Notebooks) review from which he split in 1963 to found the ''Classe Operaia'' (Working Class) review. This evolving journey progressively distanced him from the PCI, without him ever formally leaving, and engaged him in the radical experiences of operaismo. Such experience, considered by many to be the matrix of Italian Autonomist Marxism in the 1960s, was characterised by challenging the roles of the traditional organisations of the workers' movement (the unions and the parties) and the direct engagement, without intermediaries, with the working class itself and to the struggles in the factories. Influenced philosophically by the work of Galvano Della Volpe, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hot Autumn
The Hot Autumn () of 1969–70 is a term used for a series of large Strike action, strikes in the factories and industrial centers of Northern Italy, in which workers demanded better pay and better conditions. During 1969 and 1970 there were over 440 hours of strikes in the region. The decrease in the flow of labour Human migration, migration from Southern Italy had resulted in nearly full employment levels in the northern part of the country, meaning that the workforce there now had the leverage to start exercising its influence. Overview Due to increased literacy levels in general and especially among workers, following a wave of student protests influenced by similar events in May 1968 events in France, May 1968 in France, leftist students started agitating for social reforms and increased class consciousness. Workers joined in on these protests and began to demand increased wages. Many of them were being laid off because of increased efficiencies in factories. Not all of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndicalism
Syndicalism is a labour movement within society that, through industrial unionism, seeks to unionize workers according to industry and advance their demands through Strike action, strikes and other forms of direct action, with the eventual goal of gaining control over the means of production and the economy at large through social ownership. Syndicalist unions first emerged in Spain and North America in the 1870s, before rising to prominence in France and later emerging on other continents. Syndicalist movements were most predominant amongst the socialist movement during the interwar period that preceded the outbreak of World War II. Major syndicalist organizations included the General Confederation of Labour (France), General Confederation of Labor (CGT) in France, the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in Spain, the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI), the Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD), and the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA). Although they did not re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potere Operaio
Potere Operaio (English: "Workers' Power") was a radical left-wing Italian political group, active between 1967 and 1973. Among the group's leaders were Antonio ('Toni') Negri, Nanni Balestrini, Franco Piperno, Oreste Scalzone and Valerio Morucci, who led its clandestine armed wing. It was part of the "workerist" movement (''operaismo''), leading to the later development of the autonomist movement. Potere Operaio's main sphere of operations was in factories, especially big factories in the industrial North, and publishing newspapers and leaflets. It sought to base its Marxist theory on the everyday life of supposedly revolutionary factory workers. Potere Operaio officially ceased to exist on 3 June 1973. Most of its core members went on to be involved in Autonomia Operaia, signalling the shift from operaismo to autonomism. Some of the leaders later drifted towards more radical groups such as the Red Brigades, including Morucci and Adriana Faranda, who took part in the Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
