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Togavirus
''Alphavirus'' is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the ''Togaviridae'' family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical (although slightly pleomorphic), and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid. Genome The alphaviruses are small, spherical, en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sindbis Virus
''Sindbis virus'' (SINV) is a member of the ''Togaviridae'' family, in the ''Alphavirus'' genus. The virus was first isolated in 1952 in Cairo, Egypt. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes (''Culex'' and Culiseta). SINV is linked to Pogosta diseaseKurkela S, Manni T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti OCausative agent of Pogosta disease isolated from blood and skin lesions Emerg Infect Dis erial on the Internet Published 2004 May. (accessed 2007-10-16) (Finland), Ockelbo disease (Sweden) and Karelian fever (Russia). In humans, the symptoms include arthralgia, rash and malaise. Sindbis virus is widely and continuously found in insects and vertebrates in Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Clinical infection and disease in humans however has almost only been reported from Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden, Russian Karelia), where SINV is endemic and where large outbreaks occur intermittently. Cases are occasionally reported in Australia, China, and South Africa. SINV is an arbovirus, it is arthrop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucambo Virus
''Alphavirus'' is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the ''Togaviridae'' family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a Positive-sense ssRNA virus#Replication, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical (although slightly Pleomorphism (microbiology), pleomorphic), and have a 40 nm isometric n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middelburg Virus
''Middelburg virus'' (MIDV) is an alphavirus of the Old World Group that has likely endemic and zoonotic potential. It is of the viral family ''Togaviridae''. It was isolated from mosquitos in 1957 in South Africa, MDIV antigens have now been found in livestock, horses, and humans. Symptoms Typical symptoms of MIDV include: fever, swollen/aching limbs, hyperactivity, and depression. There is research suggesting that MIDV might cause neurologic disease. Some signs of the neurologic disease are: ataxia, paresis, seizures, and paralysis. In these cases where MIDV infection led to neurologic disease, moderate meningoencephalitis was observed microscopically. There have also been rare cases in horses where MIDV infection has led to jaundice, laminitic stance, and aborted pregnancy. Virus structure Middelburg virus is a single stranded, linearly arranged, positive stranded RNA virus. MIDV has an enveloped capsid that contains an icosahedron structure. The icosahedron has a tria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryoelectron Microscopy
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a cryomicroscopy technique applied on samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. For biological specimens, the structure is preserved by embedding in an environment of vitreous ice. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane or a mixture of liquid ethane and propane. While development of the technique began in the 1970s, recent advances in detector technology and software algorithms have allowed for the determination of biomolecular structures at near-atomic resolution. This has attracted wide attention to the approach as an alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy for macromolecular structure determination without the need for crystallization. In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." '' Natu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayaro Virus
Mayaro may refer to: * Mayaro, California, an unincorporated community in Butte County, California, U.S. * Mayaro Bay, a bay on the east coast of the island of Trinidad * Mayaro County, a group of villages in Trinidad and Tobago ** Mayaro, Trinidad {{Infobox settlement , official_name = Mayaro , settlement_type = Town , image_skyline = File:Mayaro Beach; Trinidad & Tobago.jpg , image_caption = Mayaro Bay, looking south , named_for = Maya Plant , pushpin_map = Trinidad and Tobago, pushp ..., a town in Mayaro County * Mayaro virus, a virus transmitted by the ''Haemagogus'' mosquito {{geodis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tonate Virus
Macouria is a commune of French Guiana located midway between Cayenne and Kourou, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The seat of the commune is the settlement of Tonate, and so the commune is also known unofficially as Macouria-Tonate. The French Guiana Zoo is located in the commune. Geography Macouria is one of the smallest cities of French Guiana. The town is separated in the east with Matoury, by the Larivot Bridge, crossing the Cayenne River. Its southern limit is marked by the Montsinéry River, which is a separation with the eponymous city. Westward there is Kourou and in the north the town is the Atlantic Ocean. Urbanization The population is mainly located south and along the national road RN1 because of 2 km wide mangrove swamp situated in the North. * From the Larivot bridge to the town centre, on approximately 28 km, there are many villages. * From the town center to Kourou, there are few inhabitants except in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Elephant Seal Virus
Southern may refer to: Businesses * China Southern Airlines, airline based in Guangzhou, China * Southern Airways, defunct US airline * Southern Air, air cargo transportation company based in Norwalk, Connecticut, US * Southern Airways Express, Memphis-based passenger air transportation company, serving eight cities in the US * Southern Company, US electricity corporation * Southern Music (now Peermusic), US record label * Southern Railway (other), various railways * Southern Records, independent British record label * Southern Studios, recording studio in London, England * Southern Television, defunct UK television company * Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway), brand used for some train services in Southern England Media * ''Southern Daily'' or ''Nanfang Daily'', the official Communist Party newspaper based in Guangdong, China * ''Southern Weekly'', a newspaper in Guangzhou, China * Heart Sussex, a radio station in Sussex, England, previously known as "Southern FM" * 8 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semliki Forest Virus
The Semliki Forest virus is an alphavirus found in central, eastern, and southern Africa. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1942 and described by Smithburn and Haddow. It is known to cause disease in animals including humans. The Semliki Forest virus is a positive-strand RNA virus with a genome of approximately 13,000 base pairs which encodes nine proteins. The 5’ two thirds of the genome encode four non-structural proteins concerned with RNA synthesis; the structural proteins are encoded in the 3’ one third. Of the structural proteins, the C proteins make up the icosahedral capsid, which is enveloped by a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell. The outermost surface of the virus is almost entirely covered by heterodimers of glycoproteins E1 and E2, arranged in interconnective trimers, which form an outer shell. Trimers are anchored in the membrane by an E2 cytoplasmic domain that associates with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus
Salmon Pancreas disease (PD or SPD) is caused by a species of Salmonid ''Alphavirus'' (SAV) called ''Salmon pancreas disease virus'' (SPDV). The virus was first described in 1976 in Scotland and in 1989 in Norway. It affects farmed Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') caused by Marine SAV2 and SAV3 and has also been identified in Rainbow trout (''Oncorhyncus mykiss'') in the seawater phase caused by SAV2 where the disease is commonly referred to as Sleeping Disease (SD). Salmonid Alphavirus Salmonid Alphavirus is an RNA virus. Six genotypes of SAV have been identified (referred to as SAV1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6), differentiated by the nucleic acid sequences of certain genes. The strains of SAV causing PD belong to the genotypes SAV1, Marine SAV2 and SAV3. Diagnosis When the fish is infected, it can cause sudden loss of appetite, lethargy and increased mortality. The general symptoms of this virus infection also include difficulties to maintain a correct position in the water due to mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ross River Virus
''Ross River virus'' (RRV) is a small encapsulated single-strand RNA '' Alphavirus'' endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea and other islands in the South Pacific. It is responsible for a type of mosquito-borne non-lethal but extremely debilitating tropical disease known as Ross River fever, previously termed "epidemic polyarthritis". There is no known cure, and it can last in the system of the host for up to 20 years. The virus is suspected to be enzootic in populations of various native Australian mammals, and has been found on occasion in horses. Classification and morphology Taxonomically, ''Ross River virus'' belongs to the virus genus '' Alphavirus'', which is part of the family '' Togaviridae''. The alphaviruses are a group of small enveloped single-strand positive-sense RNA viruses. RRV belongs to a subgroup of "Old World" (Eurasian-African-Australasian) alphaviruses, and is considered closely related to Sagiyama virus. The virions (virus particles) themselves co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rio Negro Virus
''Rio Negro virus'' is an alphavirus that was first isolated in Argentina in 1980. The virus was first called Ag80-663 but was renamed to ''Rio Negro virus'' in 2005. It is a former member of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex (VEEC), which are a group of alphaviruses in the Americas that have the potential to emerge and cause disease. Río Negro virus was recently reclassified as a distinct species. Closely related viruses include ''Mucambo virus'' and '' Everglades virus''. Structure ''Rio Negro virus'' is a spherical, enveloped virus. The complete virus particle, called a virion, leaves the host cell by budding and using a part of its host cell's membrane as the envelope. On the surface of the envelope are proteins that attach to receptors on the surface of cells. There are 80 'spikes' embedded in the stolen membrane, which are arranged in a T=4 icosahedral symmetry. In all, the Rio Negro virion is about 70 nanometers (nm) in diameter with 3 structural proteins making ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
