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Trigraph (orthography)
A trigraph () is a group of three characters used to represent a single sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters combined. Latin-script trigraphs For example, in the word ''Austrian schilling, schilling'', the trigraph ''sch'' represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative , rather than the consonant cluster . In the word ''beautiful,'' the sequence ''eau'' is pronounced , and in the French language, French word ''château'' it is pronounced . It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a sequence of letters in English is a trigraph, because of the complicating role of silent letters. There are however a few productive trigraphs in English such as ''tch'' as in ''watch,'' and ''igh'' as in ''high.'' The trigraph ''sch'' in German language, German is equivalent to the English ''sh'' and pronounced . In Dutch language, Dutch, which is closely related to German, this same trigraph is pronounced . In Italian language, Italian, however, ''sch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian Schilling
The schilling (German language, German: ''Schilling''; ) is a former currency of Austria from 1925 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1999, and the circulating currency until 2002. The euro was introduced at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling to replace it. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen. History Following the Carolingian coin reform in 794 AD, new units of account were introduced, including the ''schilling (coin), schilling,'' which consisted of 12 silver ''pfennigs''. It was initially only a coin of account but later became an actual coin produced in many European countries. Before the modern Austrian schilling The currencies preceding the schilling include: * The florin, in existence as a currency of the Holy Roman Empire since the 16th century, divided into 8 ''Schillings'' = 60 ''Kreuzer'' = 240 ''Pfennigs'' * The Austro-Hungarian gulden after 1857, divided into 100 ''Neukreuzer'' * The Austro-Hungarian krone, introduced in 1892 upon adoption of the gold stand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Cyrillic Digraphs
The following multigraphs are used in the Cyrillic script. The palatalized consonants of Russian and other languages written as C- are mostly predictable and therefore not included here unless they are irregular. Likewise, in the languages of the Caucasus, there are numerous other predictable multigraphs that are not included. These include doubled letters (or whole digraphs) that indicate ' tense' ('strong') consonants and long vowels; sequences with , , for labialized consonants; and sequences with or for ejective consonants or pharyngealized consonants and vowels. Tatar also has discontinuous digraphs. See Cyrillic digraphs for examples. А : * Archi: : * Archi: : * Dungan: : * Chechen: * Ingush: * Tabasaran: : * Archi: В : * Shughni: Г : * Abaza: * Archi: * Lezgian: : * Tabasaran: : * Adyghe: * Kabardian: * Ossetian: * Also found in several other languages where is used for labialization (though this is a predictable effec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilabial Consonants
In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips. Frequency Bilabial consonants are very common across languages. Only around 0.7% of the world's languages lack bilabial consonants altogether, including Tlingit, Chipewyan, Oneida, and Wichita, though all of these have a labial–velar approximant /w/. Varieties The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are: Owere Igbo has a six-way contrast among bilabial stops: . Other varieties The extensions to the IPA also define a () for smacking the lips together. A lip-smack in the non-percussive sense of the lips audibly parting would be . The IPA chart shades out ''bilabial lateral consonants'', which is sometimes read as indicating that such sounds are not possible. The fricatives and are often lateral, but since no language makes a distinction for centrality, the allophony is not noticeable. See also * Place of articulation * Index of phonetics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fricative Consonants
A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German (the final consonant of '' Bach''); or the side of the tongue against the molars, in the case of Welsh (appearing twice in the name ''Llanelli''). This turbulent airflow is called frication. A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English , , , and are examples of sibilants. The usage of two other terms is less standardized: "Spirant" is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists for non-sibilant fricatives. "Strident" could mean just "sibilant", but some authors include also labiode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stop Consonants
In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade (, ), tongue body (, ), lips (, ), or glottis (). Plosives contrast with nasals, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in and , and with fricatives, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract. Terminology The terms ''stop, occlusive,'' and ''plosive'' are often used interchangeably. Linguists who distinguish them may not agree on the distinction being made. "Stop" refers to the stopping of the airflow, "occlusive" to the articulation which occludes (blocks) the vocal tract, and "plosive" to the plosion (release burst) of the consonant. Some object to the use of "plosive" for inaudibly released stops, which may then instead be called "applosives". The International Phonetic Association and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digraph (orthography)
A digraph () or digram is a pair of character (symbol), characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined. Some digraphs represent phonemes that cannot be represented with a single character in the writing system of a language, like in Spanish ''chico'' and ''ocho''. Other digraphs represent phonemes that can also be represented by single characters. A digraph that shares its pronunciation with a single character may be a relic from an earlier period of the language when the digraph had a different pronunciation, or may represent a distinction that is made only in certain dialects, like the English . Some such digraphs are used for purely etymology, etymological reasons, like in French. In some orthographies, digraphs (and occasionally trigraph (orthography), trigraphs) are considered individual letter (alphabet), letters, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hangul
The Korean alphabet is the modern writing system for the Korean language. In North Korea, the alphabet is known as (), and in South Korea, it is known as (). The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them. They are systematically modified to indicate Phonetics, phonetic features. The vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a featural writing system. It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of Alphabet, alphabetic and Syllabary, syllabic writing systems. Hangul was created in 1443 by Sejong the Great, the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty. The alphabet was made as an attempt to increase literacy by serving as a complement to Hanja, which were Chinese characters used to write Literary Chinese in Korea by the 2nd century BCE, and had been adapted to write Korean by the 6th century CE. Modern Hangul orthography uses 24 basic letters: 14 consona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shin (letter)
Shin (also spelled Šin (') or Sheen) is the twenty-first and penultimate letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ''šīn'' 𐤔, Hebrew ''šīn'' , Aramaic ''šīn'' 𐡔, Syriac ''šīn'' ܫ, and Arabic ''sīn'' . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma () (which in turn gave rise to the Latin , the German '' ẞ'' and the Cyrillic С), and the letter '' Sha'' in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts (, ). The South Arabian and Ethiopian letter '' Śawt'' is also cognate. The letter ''šīn'' is the only letter of the Arabic alphabet with three dots with a letter corresponding to a letter in the Northwest Semitic abjad or the Phoenician alphabet. Origins The Proto-Sinaitic glyph, according to William Albright, was based on a "tooth" and with the phonemic value š "corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ''ṯ'' (th), which was pronounced ''s'' in South Canaanite". However, the Proto-Semitic word for "tooth" has been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zayin
Zayin (also spelled zain or zayn or simply zay) is the seventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ''zayn'' 𐤆, Hebrew ''zayīn'' , Aramaic ''zain'' 𐡆, Syriac ''zayn'' ܙ, and Arabic ''zāy'' . It represents the sound . It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪘, South Arabian , and Ge'ez . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek zeta (Ζ), Etruscan ''z'' , Latin Z, and Cyrillic Ze З, as well as Ж. Origin The Proto-Sinaitic glyph may have been called , may not have been based on a hieroglyph, and may have depicted a " fetter". An alternative view is that it is based on the " copper ingot" hieroglyph ( 𓈔) in the form of an axeblade, after noting that the name "zayin" has roots in Aramaic to refer to "Arms," "Armor," and " Metal used for arms."Cross, F. M. (1980) Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 238, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dalet
Dalet (, also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ' 𐤃, Hebrew , Aramaic ' 𐡃, Syriac ' ܕ, and Arabic (in abjadi order; 8th in modern order). Its sound value is the voiced alveolar plosive (). It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪕, South Arabian , and Ge'ez . The letter is based on a glyph of the Proto-Sinaitic script, probably called ' (''door'' in Modern Hebrew is delet), ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting a door: O31 Arabic ''dāl'' The letter is named (), and is written in several ways depending on its position in the word: The letter represents a sound. Phoenician The Phoenician dālet gave rise to the Greek delta (Δ), Latin D, and the Cyrillic letter Д. Aramaic Hebrew dalet Hebrew spelling: The letter is ''dalet'' in the modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation (see Tav (letter)). ''Dales'' is still used by many Ashkenazi Jews and ''daleth'' by some Jews of M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Script
The Hebrew alphabet (, ), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is a unicase, unicameral abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic languages, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian. In modern Hebrew, vowels are increasingly introduced. It is also used informally in Israel to write Levantine Arabic, especially among Druze in Israel, Druze. It is an offshoot of the Aramaic alphabet, Imperial Aramaic alphabet, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire and which itself derives from the Phoenician alphabet. Historically, a different abjad script was used to write Hebrew: the original, old Hebrew script, now known as the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan script, Samaritan alphabet, and is still used by the Samaritans. The present ''Jewish script'' or ''square script'', on the cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
YIVO
YIVO (, , short for ) is an organization that preserves, studies, and teaches the cultural history of Jewish life throughout Eastern Europe, Germany, and Russia as well as orthography, lexicography, and other studies related to Yiddish. Established in 1925 in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania) as the Yiddish Scientific Institute (, ; the word ''yidisher'' means both "Yiddish" and "Jewish"). Its English name became Institute for Jewish Research after its relocation to New York City, but it is still known mainly by its Yiddish acronym. YIVO is now a partner of the Center for Jewish History, and serves as the '' de facto'' recognized language regulator of the Yiddish language in the secular world. The YIVO system is commonly taught in universities and known as () and sometimes "YIVO Yiddish" (). Activities YIVO preserves manuscripts, rare books, and diaries, and other Yiddish sources. The YIVO Library in New York contains over 385,000 volumes datin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
