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Trail Pheromone
Trail pheromones are semiochemicals secreted from the body of an individual to affect the behavior of another individual receiving it. Trail pheromones often serve as a multi purpose chemical secretion that leads members of its own species towards a food source, while representing a territorial mark in the form of an allomone to organisms outside of their species. Specifically, trail pheromones are often incorporated with secretions of more than one exocrine gland to produce a higher degree of specificity. Considered one of the primary chemical signaling methods in which many social insects depend on, trail pheromone deposition can be considered one of the main facets to explain the success of social insect communication today. Many species of ants, including those in the genus ''Crematogaster'' use trail pheromones. Background In 1962, Harvard professor Edward O. Wilson published one of the first concrete studies constructing the groundwork for the notion of trail pheromones. Cla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semiochemical
A semiochemical, from the Greek wiktionary:σημεῖον, σημεῖον (''semeion''), meaning "signal", is a chemical substance or mixture released by an organism that affects the behaviors of other individuals. Semiochemical communication can be divided into two broad classes: communication between individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or communication between different species (Interspecies communication, interspecific). It is usually used in the field of chemical ecology to encompass pheromones, allomones, kairomones, attractants and Animal repellent, repellents. Many insects, including Parasitoid#Parasitoidal insects, parasitic insects, use semiochemicals. Pheromones are intraspecific signals that aid in finding mates, food and habitat resources, warning of enemies, and avoiding competition. Interspecific signals known as allomones and kairomones have similar functions. In nature Pheromone A pheromone (from Greek ''phero'' "to bear" + ''hormone'' from Gree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anabasine
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the tree tobacco ('' Nicotiana glauca'') plant, as well as in tree tobacco's close relative the common tobacco plant ('' Nicotiana tabacum''). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. It has been used as an insecticide. Anabasine is present in trace amounts in tobacco smoke, and can be used as an indicator of a person's exposure to tobacco smoke. Pharmacology Anabasine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. In high doses, it produces a depolarizing block of nerve transmission, which can cause symptoms similar to those of nicotine poisoning and, ultimately, death by asystole. In larger amounts it is thought to be teratogenic in swine. The intravenous LD50 of anabasine ranges from 11 mg/kg to 16 mg/kg in mice, depending on the enantiomer. Analogs B. Bhatti, et al. made some higher potency sterically strained bicyclic A bicyclic molecule () is a molecule that features ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insect Pheromones
Insect pheromones are neurotransmitters that serve the chemical communication between individuals of an insect species. They thus differ from kairomones, in other words, neurotransmitters that transmit information to non-species organisms. Insects produce pheromones in special glands and release them into the environment. In the pheromone receptors of the sensory cells of the recipient, they produce a nerve Stimulus (physiology), stimulus even in very low concentrations, which ultimately leads to a behavioral response. Biological specificity, Intraspecific communication of insects via these substances takes place in a variety of ways and serves, among other things, to find sexual partner, to maintain harmony in a Colony (biology), colony of Eusociality, socially living insects, to mark territories or to find nest sites and food sources. In 1959, the German biochemist and Nobel Prize winner Adolf Butenandt identified and synthesized the Saturated and unsaturated compounds, unsatura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pheromones
A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. There are '' alarm pheromones'', ''food trail pheromones'', '' sex pheromones'', and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used by many organisms, from basic unicellular prokaryotes to complex multicellular eukaryotes. Their use among insects has been particularly well documented. In addition, some vertebrates, plants and ciliates communicate by using pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a major topic of research in the field of chemical ecology. Background The portmanteau word "pheromone" was coined by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959, based on the Greek () and (). Pheromones are also sometimes classified as ecto-hormones ("ecto-" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Dispersal
Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal') and the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dispersal'). Dispersal is also used to describe the movement of propagules such as seeds and spores. Technically, dispersal is defined as any movement that has the potential to lead to gene flow. The act of dispersal involves three phases: departure, transfer, and settlement. There are different fitness costs and benefits associated with each of these phases. Through simply moving from one habitat Landscape ecology#Patch and mosaic, patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness (biology), fitness, but also for population dynamics, population genetics, and species distribution. Understanding dispersal and the consequences, both for evolutionary strategies at a species level and for processes at an e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reticulitermes
''Reticulitermes'' is a termite genus in the family Heterotermitidae. They are found in most temperate regions on Earth including much of Asia and Western Europe, and all of North America. Caste descriptions ''Reticulitermes'' species have three general castes: reproductive, worker, and soldier. Reproductive caste In two ''Reticulitermes'' species, '' R. virginicus'' and '' R. speratus'', mother-son breeding systems have been found. This means their colony members are more related to their mothers than their fathers since 50% of their genotype comes from their mother and 50% from their father who also shares 50% of his genotype with their shared mother. This has shown to bias female alate production over males, likely because colony members favor caring for those who they are most related to (see Kin Selection). Worker caste ''Reticulitermes'' species have bifurcated development and so they have a true worker caste, although workers retain a high level of plasticity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mastotermes Darwiniensis
''Mastotermes darwiniensis'', common names giant northern termite and Darwin termite, is a termite species found only in northern Australia. It is the most primitive extant termite species. Contrary to common belief, this species does not form mounds as the nests are subterranean and inconspicuous. Colonies will readily occupy and infest decomposing wood but primarily live in a complex subterranean network of tunnels and galleries which they use to travel to new food sites. Colonies may eventually split and form isolated satellite colonies. Evolutionary significance This species shows uncanny similarities to certain cockroaches, the termites' closest relatives. These similarities include the anal lobe of the wing and the laying of eggs in bunches, rather than singly. It is the only living member of its genus '' Mastotermes'' and its family Mastotermitidae, though numerous fossil taxa are known. The termites were traditionally placed in the Exopterygota, but such an indiscrimina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trigona Corvina
''Trigona corvina'' (Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, Cockerell, 1913) is a species of stingless bee that lives primarily in Central America, Central and South America. In Panama, they are sometimes known as zagañas. They live in protective nests high in the trees, but they can be extremely aggressive and territorial over their resources. They use their pheromones to protect their food sources and to signal their location to nest mates. This black stingless bees of the tribe Meliponini can be parasitic toward citrus trees but also helpful for crop pollination. Taxonomy and phylogeny ''Trigona corvina'' belong to ''Trigona'', the largest genus of stingless bees, with over 80 species. ''T. corvina'' was once classified as a variety of ''Melipona ruficrus'' based on worker appearance. Fossil records of the Meliponini tribe have been discovered and it is now understood that they differentiated from other related wasps in the Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous period. The tribe is distinct wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaptotrigona
''Scaptotrigona'' is a genus of bees belonging to the family Apidae. The species of this genus are found in Central and South America. Species: *'' Scaptotrigona affabra'' *'' Scaptotrigona anaulax'' *'' Scaptotrigona ascheri'' *'' Scaptotrigona aurantipes'' *'' Scaptotrigona baldwini'' *'' Scaptotrigona barrocoloradensis'' *'' Scaptotrigona bipunctata'' *'' Scaptotrigona caduceus'' *'' Scaptotrigona depilis'' *'' Scaptotrigona ederi'' *'' Scaptotrigona emersoni'' *'' Scaptotrigona extranea'' *'' Scaptotrigona faviziae'' *'' Scaptotrigona fimbriata'' *'' Scaptotrigona fulvicutis'' *'' Scaptotrigona gonzalezi'' *'' Scaptotrigona grueteri'' *'' Scaptotrigona hellwegeri'' *'' Scaptotrigona illescasi'' *'' Scaptotrigona jujuyensis'' *'' Scaptotrigona kuperi'' *'' Scaptotrigona limae'' *'' Scaptotrigona luteipennis'' *'' Scaptotrigona macarenensis'' *'' Scaptotrigona magdalenae'' *'' Scaptotrigona mexicana'' *'' Scaptotrigona nigrohirta'' *'' Scaptotrigona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trigona
''Trigona'' is one of the largest genera of stingless bees, comprising about 32 species, exclusively occurring in the New World, and formerly including many more subgenera than the present assemblage; many of these former subgenera have been elevated to generic status.Michener, C.D. (2000). The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press Range ''Trigona'' species occur throughout the Neotropical region, including South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, and the Caribbean islands. They can occur in forests, savannas, and man made environments. ''Trigona'' bees are active all year round, although they are less active in cool environments. Nesting ''Trigona'' nests are constructed from wax they produce and plant resins they collect. They usually nest in tree cavities and underground. Vulture bees Vulture bees comprise three ''Trigona'' species, and are the only bees known to be scavengers. These bees collect and feed on dead animal flesh. Communication Some sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stingless Bee
Stingless bees (SB), sometimes called stingless honey bees or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees (from about 462 to 552 described species), comprising the Tribe (biology), tribe Meliponini (or subtribe Meliponina according to other authors). They belong in the Family (biology), family Apidae (subfamily Apinae), and are closely related to common honey bees (HB, tribe Apini), orchid bees (tribe Euglossini), and bumblebees (tribe Bombini). These four bee tribes belong to the Pollen basket, corbiculate bees Monophyly, monophyletic group. Meliponines have stingers, but they are highly reduced and cannot be used for defense, though these bees exhibit other defensive behaviors and mechanisms. Meliponines are not the only type of bee incapable of stinging: all male bees and many female bees of several other families, such as Andrenidae and Megachilidae (tribe Dioxyini), also cannot sting. Some stingless bees have powerful mandibles and can inflict painful bites. Some species ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honey Bee
A honey bee (also spelled honeybee) is a eusocial flying insect within the genus ''Apis'' of the bee clade, all native to mainland Afro-Eurasia. After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and Eurasia, humans became responsible for the current cosmopolitan distribution of honey bees, introducing multiple subspecies into South America (early 16th century), North America (early 17th century), and Australia (early 19th century). Honey bees are known for their construction of perennial colonial nests from wax, the large size of their colonies, and surplus production and storage of honey, distinguishing their hives as a prized foraging target of many animals, including honey badgers, bears and human hunter-gatherers. Only 8 surviving species of honey bees are recognized, with a total of 43 subspecies, though historically 7 to 11 species are recognized. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. The best-known honey bee is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
