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Sex And Intelligence
Sex differences in human intelligence have long been a topic of debate among researchers and scholars. It is now recognized that there are no significant sex differences in average IQ, though performance in certain cognitive tasks varies somewhat between sexes. While some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others show slightly greater intelligence in females. In particular, studies have shown female subjects performing better on tasks related to Linguistic intelligence, verbal ability, and males performing better on tasks related to rotation of objects in space, often categorized as spatial ability. Some research indicates that male advantages on some cognitive tests are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors. It has also been hypothesized that there is slightly Variability hypothesis, higher variability in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, leading to males' being over-represented at the top and bottom extremes of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Intelligence
Human intelligence is the Intellect, intellectual capability of humans, which is marked by complex Cognition, cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness. Using their intelligence, humans are able to learning, learn, Concept learning, form concepts, understanding, understand, and apply logic and reason. Human intelligence is also thought to encompass their capacities to Pattern recognition (psychology), recognize patterns, planning, plan, innovation, innovate, problem solving, solve problems, decision making, make decisions, memory, retain information, and use language to Human communication, communicate. There are conflicting ideas about how intelligence should be conceptualized and measured. In psychometrics, human intelligence is commonly assessed by intelligence quotient (IQ) tests, although the Validity (statistics), validity of these tests is disputed. Several subcategories of intelligence, such as emotional intelligence and social intelligence, have be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative (computational) techniques to study the neuroanatomy, structure and function of the central nervous system, developed as an objective way of scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner. Increasingly it is also being used for quantitative research studies of brain disease and psychiatric illness. Neuroimaging is highly multidisciplinary involving neuroscience, computer science, psychology and statistics, and is not a medical specialty. Neuroimaging is sometimes confused with neuroradiology. Neuroradiology is a medical specialty that uses non-statistical brain imaging in a clinical setting, practiced by radiologists who are medical practitioners. Neuroradiology primarily focuses on recognizing brain lesions, such as vascular diseases, strokes, tumors, and inflammatory diseases. In contrast to neuroimaging, neuroradiology is qualitative (based on subjective impressions and extensive clinical training) but sometime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the brain in mammals, and is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe). It is parted from the parietal lobe by a Sulcus (neuroanatomy), groove between tissues called the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). The most anterior rounded part of the frontal lobe (though not well-defined) is known as the frontal pole, one of the three Cerebral hemisphere#Poles, poles of the cerebrum. The frontal lobe is covered by the frontal cortex. The frontal cortex includes the premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex – parts of the motor cortex. The front part of the frontal cortex is covered by the prefrontal cortex. The nonprimary motor cortex is a functionally defined portion of the frontal lobe. There are four principal Gyrus, gyri in the frontal lobe. The precentral gyrus is directly anterior to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cengage Learning
Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for higher education, K–12, professional, and library markets. It operates in more than 20 countries around the world.(June 27, 2014Global Publishing Leaders 2014: Cengage publishersweekly.comCompany Info – Wall Street JournalCengage LearningCompany Overview of Cengage Learning, Inc. BloombergBusiness Company information The company is headquartered in , Massachusetts, and has some 5,000 employees worldwide across nearly 38 countries. It was headquartered at its |
Variability Hypothesis
The variability hypothesis, also known as the greater male variability hypothesis, is the hypothesis that human males generally display greater variability in traits than human females do. It has often been discussed in relation to human cognitive ability, where some studies appear to show that males are more likely than females to have either very high or very low Intelligence quotient, IQ test scores. In this context, there is controversy over whether such sex-based differences in the variability of intelligence exist, and if so, whether they are caused by genetic differences, environmental conditioning, or a mixture of both. Sex-differences in variability have been observed in many abilities and traits – including physical, psychological and genetic ones – across a wide range of sexual dimorphism, sexually dimorphic species. On the genetic level, the greater phenotype variability in males is likely to be associated with human males being a heterogametic sex, while females ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variance
In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable. The standard deviation (SD) is obtained as the square root of the variance. Variance is a measure of dispersion, meaning it is a measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value. It is the second central moment of a distribution, and the covariance of the random variable with itself, and it is often represented by \sigma^2, s^2, \operatorname(X), V(X), or \mathbb(X). An advantage of variance as a measure of dispersion is that it is more amenable to algebraic manipulation than other measures of dispersion such as the expected absolute deviation; for example, the variance of a sum of uncorrelated random variables is equal to the sum of their variances. A disadvantage of the variance for practical applications is that, unlike the standard deviation, its units differ from the random variable, which is why the standard devi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Differential Item Functioning
Differential item functioning (DIF) is a statistical property of a test item that indicates how likely it is for individuals from distinct groups, possessing similar abilities, to respond differently to the item. It manifests when individuals from different groups, with comparable skill levels, do not have an equal likelihood of answering a question correctly. There are two primary types of DIF: uniform DIF, where one group consistently has an advantage over the other, and nonuniform DIF, where the advantage varies based on the individual's ability level. The presence of DIF requires review and judgment, but it doesn't always signify bias. DIF analysis provides an indication of unexpected behavior of items on a test. DIF characteristic of an item isn't solely determined by varying probabilities of selecting a specific response among individuals from different groups. Rather, DIF becomes pronounced when individuals from different groups, who possess the ''same underlying true ability' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthur Jensen
Arthur Robert Jensen (August 24, 1923 – October 22, 2012) was an American psychologist and writer. He was a professor of educational psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Jensen was known for his work in psychometrics and differential psychology, the study of how and why individuals differ behaviorally from one another. He was a major proponent of the hereditarian position in the nature and nurture debate, the position that genetics play a significant role in behavioral traits, such as intelligence and personality. He was the author of over 400 scientific papers published in refereed journals and sat on the editorial boards of the scientific journals ''Intelligence'' and '' Personality and Individual Differences''. Jensen was controversial, largely for his conclusions regarding the causes of race-based differences in IQ. Early life and education Jensen was born August 24, 1923, in San Diego, California, the son of Linda Mary (née Schachtmayer) and Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eric Turkheimer
Eric Nathan Turkheimer is an American psychologist and the Hugh Scott Hamilton Professor of psychology at the University of Virginia. Early life and education Turkheimer is the son of Nathan Turkheimer, the former board chairman of the public relations law firm Turkheimer & Ryan, Inc., and his wife, Barbara Tack Turkheimer. He grew up in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, where he graduated from Croton Harmon High School in 1971. He is Jewish. He received his B.A. in psychology from Haverford College in 1976. He earned his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin) in 1986, where he studied under Lee Willerman and John Loehlin. Career In 1986, Turkheimer joined the faculty of the University of Virginia, where he became an associate professor in 1992 and a full professor in 2001. He was Director of Clinical Training there from 2003 to 2008. In April 2021, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Research Turkheimer is known fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jim Flynn (academic)
James Robert Flynn (28 April 193411 December 2020) was an American-born New Zealand moral philosopher and intelligence researcher. Originally from Washington, D.C., and educated at the University of Chicago, Flynn emigrated to Dunedin in 1963, where he taught political studies at the University of Otago. He was noted for his publications about the continued year-after-year increase of IQ scores throughout the world, which is now referred to as the Flynn effect. In addition to his academic work, he championed social democratic politics throughout his life. Early life and education James Robert Flynn was born in an Irish-American community in Washington, D.C., on April 28, 1934. His parents were Irish-Americans from Missouri. His father, Joseph, left formal schooling at age 12 to work in a factory and later became a "hard-drinking" journalist and editor. Flynn described his father as a "keen reader" who took pride in completing the ''New York Times'' crossword puzzle in pen ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Dickens
William Theodore Dickens (born December 31, 1953) is an American economist. He is a University Distinguished Professor of Economics and Social Policy at Northeastern University. Career Dickens was on the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley from 1980 until 1995. While on leave he served as a senior economist with the President of the United States' Council of Economic Advisers, in 1993-94 where he worked for Laura Tyson. He was a Faculty Research Fellow and then a Research Associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research from 1982 to 1998. He was a senior fellow in Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution from 1995 to 2007, where he was a visiting fellow from 1994 to 1995 and a non resident senior fellow from 2007-2016. In 2007, he became Thomas C. Schelling Visiting Professor at the University of Maryland, a position he held until joining Northeastern in June 2008. He subsequently served as a Russell Sage Foundation Visiting Scholar for one year. He was c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clancy Blair
Clarence Bissell Blair Jr. was an American developmental psychologist and Professor of Cognitive Psychology in the Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development at New York University. He previously taught at Pennsylvania State University for ten years. He is known for his research on the development of emotional self-regulation The self-regulation of emotion or emotion regulation is the ability to respond to the ongoing demands of experience with the range of emotions in a manner that is socially tolerable and sufficiently flexible to permit spontaneous reactions as wel ... in children. Selected publications *Blair, C. (2002). School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of child functioning at school entry. American Psychologist, 57, 111–127. *Blair, C. (2010). Stress and the development of self-regulation in context. Child Development Perspectives, 4, 181–188. *Blair, C. & Raver, C.C. (2012). Child development ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
