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Self-governance Of Singapore
The self-governance of Singapore was carried out in several stages. Since Founding years of modern Singapore, the founding of Singapore in 1819, Singapore had been under the Colony of Singapore, colonial rule of the British. The first local elections on a limited scale for several positions in the government of Singapore started in 1948 following an amendment to the Constitution of Singapore. This was further amended with the ''Rendel Constitution'', strengthening local representation. Singapore was granted full internal self-government in 1959, but the colonial administration still controlled external relations and shared control of several key internal policies such as national security, internal security. In 1963, Singapore in Malaysia, Singapore joined Malaysia, relieving it of colonial rule and becoming an autonomous state within the Malaysia, Malaysian federation. After a fallout in the PAP-UMNO relations, relations between the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Founding Years Of Modern Singapore
The establishment of a British trading post in Singapore in 1819 by Stamford Raffles, Sir Stamford Raffles led to its founding as a British Empire, British colony in 1824. This event has generally been understood to mark the founding of Singapore in the Straits Settlements, colonial Singapore, a break from its status as a port in ancient times during the Srivijaya and Majapahit eras, and later, as part of the Sultanate of Malacca and the Johor Sultanate. Pre-colonial Singapore A significant port and settlement, known as Temasek, later renamed Kingdom of Singapura, Singapura, existed on the island of Singapore in the 14th century. Vietnamese records indicate possible diplomatic relationship between Temasek and Vietnam in the 13th century, and Chinese documents describe settlements there in the 14th century. It was likely a vassal state of both the Majapahit Empire and the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Siamese at different times in the 14th century. Around the end of the 14th century, its r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1948 Singapore General Election
The 1948 Singaporean general election was held on 20 March 1948 to elect members to the Legislative Council of Singapore. The first general election held in Singapore, it was part of a series of constitutional reforms introduced by the British colonial administration following the end of World War II. Under this structure, six of the twenty-five seats on the Legislative Council were to be filled through direct elections, with the remainder appointed or held ''ex officio''. The electorate was highly restricted, limited to British subjects who met strict specific residential and income qualifications, resulting in just over 22,000 registered voters from a population of approximately 940,000. Of the six elected seats, only three were contested, as the other three candidates were returned unopposed. Political organisation remained minimal, with most candidates standing as independents or with limited affiliation. The Progressive Party (PP) was the only formal political party to conte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreign Policy
Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a State (polity), state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, including defense and security, economic benefits, and humanitarian assistance. The formulation of foreign policy is influenced by various factors such as domestic considerations, the behavior of other states, and geopolitical strategies. Historically, the practice of foreign policy has evolved from managing short-term crises to addressing long-term international relations, with diplomatic corps playing a crucial role in its development. The objectives of foreign policy are diverse and interconnected, contributing to a comprehensive approach for each state. Defense and security are often primary goals, with states forming military alliances and employing soft power to combat threats. Economic interests, including trade agreements and foreign aid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliamentary System
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their Election, democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the legislature, to which they are held accountable. This head of government is usually, but not always, distinct from a ceremonial head of state. This is in contrast to a presidential system, which features a president who is not fully accountable to the legislature, and cannot be replaced by a simple majority vote. Countries with parliamentary systems may be Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarchies, where a monarch is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a member of parliament, or Parliamentary republic, parliamentary republics, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is from the legislature. In a few countries, the head of government is also head of state ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Head Of Government
In the Executive (government), executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet (government), cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. In diplomacy, "head of government" is differentiated from "head of state". The authority of a head of government, such as a president, chancellor, or prime minister, and the relationship between that position and other state institutions, such as the relation between the head of state and of the legislature, varies greatly among sovereign states, depending largely on the particular system of the government that has been chosen, won, or evolved over time. In most parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the ''de facto'' political leader of the government, and is answerable to at least ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chief Minister
A chief minister is an elected or appointed head of government of – in most instances – a sub-national entity, for instance an administrative subdivision or federal constituent entity. Examples include a state (and sometimes a union territory) in India; a territory of Australia; a province of Sri Lanka or Pakistan; a federal province in Nepal; an autonomous region of Philippines; or a British Overseas Territory that has attained self-governance. It is also used as the English version of the title given to the heads of governments of the Malay states without a monarchy. The title is also used in the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man (since 1986), in Guernsey (since 2004), and in Jersey (since 2005). In 2018 Sierra Leone, a presidential republic, created the role of an appointed chief minister, which is similar to a prime minister in a semi-presidential system. Before that, only Milton Margai had the same position between 1954 and 1958. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legislative Assembly Of Singapore
The Legislative Assembly of Singapore was the unicameral legislature that Government of Singapore, governed Singapore from 1955 to 1965 during its transition from a Colony of Singapore, British colony to a self-governing state. Established under the Rendel Constitution, it marked a significant shift toward representative government, with a majority of its members elected by the public. The Assembly underwent constitutional reforms in 1958 to provide for full internal self-government, and it functioned as the legislature of the State of Singapore until the country's full independence in 1965. It was then succeeded by the Parliament of Singapore, which continues to serve as the country's legislative authority. Overview The Rendel Constitution first came into effect following the 1955 Singaporean general election, 1955 general election, marking a significant step in Singapore's constitutional development. It replaced the Legislative Council of Singapore, Legislative Council, featur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George William Rendel
Sir George William Rendel (23 February 1889 – 6 May 1979) was a British diplomat.Eid Al Yahya, ''Travellers in Arabia'', (Stacey International, 2006). Early life and education Rendel, the son of the engineer George Wightwick Rendel was educated at Downside School and The Queen's College, Oxford, graduating with a degree in Modern History in 1911. Diplomatic career Rendel entered the Diplomatic Service and was the head of the Eastern Department of the Foreign Office from 1930 to 1938. In 1922 he produced a seven-page British Foreign Office document which detailed the persecution of Greeks and other minorities in the Ottoman Empire. The document drew on official reports and eyewitness testimonies by personnel who were present. Rendel stated that throughout the First World War, "it is generally agreed that about 1,500,000 Armenians perished in circumstances of extreme barbarity, and that over 500,000 Greeks were deported, of whom comparatively few survived". He then went on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-governance
Self-governance, self-government, self-sovereignty or self-rule is the ability of a person or group to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority (sociology), authority. It may refer to personal conduct or to any form of institution, such as family, family units, social groups, affinity groups, legal person, legal bodies, trade association, industry bodies, religions, and polity, political entities of various degrees. Self-governance is closely related to various philosophical and political sociology, socio-political concepts such as autonomy, independence, self-control, Discipline#Self-discipline, self-discipline, and sovereignty. In the context of nation states, self-governance is called Westphalian sovereignty, national sovereignty which is an important concept in international law. In the context of administrative division, a self-governing territory is called an autonomous administrative division, autonomous region. Self ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Hertogh Riots
Maria Huberdina Hertogh (born ''Huberdina Maria Hertogh''; 24 March 1937 – 8 July 2009), also known as Bertha Hertogh, Nadra binte Ma'arof, Nadra Adabi or simply Natrah, was a Dutch woman of Eurasian descent and Malays (ethnic group), Malay upbringing. She is notable for being at the centre of the Maria Hertogh riots when she was a young girl. She was born to Dutch Roman Catholic parents in Java (then part of the Dutch East Indies). During World War II, her parents were imprisoned by the Japanese and she was given to a Malays (ethnic group), Malay Muslim, Che Aminah binte Mohamed, and raised as a Muslim under the name Nadra. After the war, Maria’s biological parents sought to reclaim her and a custody battle ensued between the Hertoghs and Che Aminah. The British colonial court in Singapore ruled in favor of the Dutch parents in 1950, ordering that Maria be returned to them. The court's decision was seen as an insult to Islam, since Maria was taken from a Muslim home and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merdeka
''Merdeka'' ( Jawi: ; , ) is a term in Indonesian and Malay which means "independent" or " free". It is derived from the Sanskrit ''maharddhika'' (महर्द्धिक) meaning "rich, prosperous, and powerful". In the Malay Archipelago, this term had acquired the meaning of a freed slave. The term is also used in other Indonesian languages. The term ''Mardijker'' is a Dutch corruption of the Portuguese version of the original Sanskrit words and was used to designate former Portuguese and Dutch slaves from India in the East Indies, known as Mardijkers, whence the Malay meaning of "free(dom)" is derived. The Mardijkers were former Catholic slaves brought from India and the East Indies, who were liberated by the Dutch if they abandoned Catholicism and joined the Dutch Reformed Church. The term was used by the anti-colonialist and pro-independence movements in the colonial territories of the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and the Straits Settlements. It became a ral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-colonialism
Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. The meanings and applications of the term are disputed. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on independence movements in the colonies and the collapse of global colonial empires. As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from their respective metropoles, decolonization began in 1775 in North America. Major waves of decolonization occurred in the aftermath of the First World War and most prominently after the Second World War. Critical scholars extend the meaning beyond independence or equal rights for colonized peoples to include broader economic, cultural and psychological aspects of the colonial experience. Extending the meaning of decolonization beyond political independence has been disputed and received criticism. Scope The United Nations (UN) states that the fundamental r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
