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Rubefacient
A rubefacient is a substance for topical application that produces redness of the skin, e.g. by causing dilation of the capillaries and an increase in blood circulation. It has sometimes been used to relieve acute or chronic pain, but there is limited evidence as to its efficacy,Mason et al. 200''Systematic review of efficacy of topical rubefacients containing salicylates for the treatment of acute and chronic pain''BMJ 328:995 and as of 2014 the best evidence does not support using gels and creams containing rubefacients for this purpose. Examples Common medicinal rubefacients include: * Salicylates, such as methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) * Nicotinate esters *Capsaicin, derived from chili pepper, ''Capsicum minimum'', "incites irritation without rubefaction" *Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) *Menthol *Minoxidil * Thurfyl nicotinate (Trafuril) Common herbal rubefacients include: *Cloves (''Syzygium aromaticum'') *Garlic (''Allium sativum'') *Ginger ('' Zingiber officinale'') *H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Topical
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments. Many topical medications are epicutaneous, meaning that they are applied directly to the skin. Topical medications may also be inhalational, such as asthma medications, or applied to the surface of tissues other than the skin, such as eye drops applied to the conjunctiva, or ear drops placed in the ear, or medications applied to the surface of a tooth. The word ''topical'' derives from Greek τοπικός ''topikos'', "of a place". Justification Topical drug delivery is a route of administering drugs via the skin to provide topical therapeutic effects. As skin is one of the largest and most superficial organs in the human body, pharmacists utilise it to deliver various dr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alternative Medicine
Alternative medicine refers to practices that aim to achieve the healing effects of conventional medicine, but that typically lack biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or supporting evidence of effectiveness. Such practices are generally not part of evidence-based medicine. Unlike modern medicine, which employs the scientific method to test plausible therapies by way of Guidelines for human subject research, responsible and ethical clinical trials, producing repeatable evidence of either effect or of no effect, alternative therapies reside outside of mainstream medicine and do not originate from using the scientific method, but instead rely on testimonials, anecdotes, religion, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural "Energy (esotericism), energies", pseudoscience, fallacy, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. Frequently used terms for relevant practices are New Age medicine, wikt:pseudo-medicine, pseudo-medicine, unortho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liniment
Liniment (from , meaning "to smear, Anointing, anoint"), also called embrocation and heat rub, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin. Some liniments have a viscosity similar to that of water; others are lotion or balm; still, others are in transdermal patches, soft solid sticks, and sprays. Liniment usually is rubbed into the skin, which the active ingredients penetrate. Liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from muscle, muscular Pain and nociception, aches and Strain (injury), strains, and arthritis. These are typically formulated from ethanol, alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds, such as methyl salicylate, benzoin resin, menthol, and capsaicin. They produce a feeling of warmth within the muscle of the area they are applied to, typically acting as rubefacients via a counterirritant effect. Methyl salicylate, which is the analgesic ingredient in so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mentha Piperita
Peppermint (''Mentha'' × ''piperita'') is a hybrid species of mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint. Indigenous to Europe and the Middle East, the plant is now widely spread and cultivated in many regions of the world.Euro+Med Plantbase Project''Mentha'' × ''piperita''/ref> It is occasionally found in the wild with its parent species.Flora of NW Europe''Mentha'' × ''piperita'' Although the genus ''Mentha'' comprises more than 25 species, the one in most common use is peppermint. While Western peppermint is derived from ''Mentha × piperita'', Chinese peppermint, or ''bohe'', is derived from the fresh leaves of ''M. haplocalyx''. ''M. × piperita'' and ''M. haplocalyx'' are both recognized as plant sources of menthol and menthone, and are among the oldest herbs used for both culinary and medicinal products. Botany Peppermint was first identified in Hertfordshire, England, by a Dr. Eales, a discovery which John Ray published 1696 in the second edition of his boo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruta Graveolens
''Ruta graveolens'', commonly known as rue, common rue or herb-of-grace, is a species of the genus ''Ruta'' grown as an ornamental plant and herb. It is native to the Mediterranean. It is grown throughout the world in gardens, especially for its bluish leaves, and sometimes for its tolerance of hot and dry soil conditions. It is also cultivated as a culinary herb, and to a lesser extent as an insect repellent and incense. Etymology The specific epithet ''graveolens'' refers to the strong-smelling leaves.J. D. Douglas and Merrill C. Tenney Description Rue is a woody, perennial shrub. Its leaves are oblong, blue green and arranged bipinnately with rounded leaflets; they release a strong aroma when they are bruised. The flowers are small with 4 to 5 dull yellow petals in cymes. The first flower in each cyme is pentamerous (five sepals, five petals, five stamens and five carpels. All the others are tetramerous (four of each part). They bear brown seed capsules when pollinate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urtica Dioica
''Urtica dioica'', often known as common nettle, burn nettle, stinging nettle (although not all plants of this species sting) or nettle leaf, or just a nettle or stinger, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Urticaceae. Originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa, it is now found worldwide. The species is divided into six subspecies, five of which have many hollow stinging hairs called trichomes on the leaves and stems, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation upon contact ("contact urticaria", a form of contact dermatitis). The plant has a long history of use as a source for traditional medicine, food, tea, and textile raw material in ancient (such as Saxon) and modern societies. Description ''Urtica dioica'' is a dioecious, herbaceous, and perennial plant. It grows to tall in the summer and dying down to the ground in winter. It has widely spread ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brassica Nigra
''Rhamphospermum nigrum'' (syns. ''Brassica nigra'' and ''Sinapis nigra''), black mustard, is an annual plant native to cooler regions of North Africa, temperate regions of Europe, and parts of Asia. It is cultivated for its dark-brown-to-black seeds, which are commonly used as a spice. Description It is an upright plant, growing to in width and up to tall in moist, fertile soil. The large stalked leaves are covered with hairs or bristles at the base, with smoother stems. It blooms in summer (from May onwards in the UK). The flowers have four yellow petals, which are twice as long as the sepals. Each stem has around four flowers at the top, forming a ring around the stem. Later, the plant forms long, beaked seed pods, which contain rounded seeds. Similar species Despite their similar common names, black mustard and white mustard (genus ''Sinapis'') are not in the same genus. Black mustard belongs to the same Tribe (biology), tribe as cabbage and turnips. ''R. nigrum'' al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brassica Alba
White mustard (''Sinapis alba''), also called yellow mustard, is an annual plant of the cabbage family. It is sometimes also referred to as ''Brassica alba'' or ''B. hirta''. It probably originated in the Mediterranean region, but is now widespread worldwide. Grown for its seeds, it is used to make the condiment mustard, as a fodder crop, or as a green manure. Description White mustard is an annual, growing to high with stalkless pinnate leaves, similar to '' Sinapis arvensis''. The yellow flowers of ''S.'alba'' contain 4 petals per flower and 4 alternating sepals. In addition, their pods are approximately 2.0–4.2 cm long. Reproduction ''Sinapis alba'' is a long day plant, which means they flower when the amount of light received exceeds their critical photoperiod. Pollen from ''S. alba'' is able to be dispersed through wind and insect pollinators, such as wild bees, bumblebees, and flower flies. Additionally, white mustard is an obligate outcrossing species, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cochlearia
''Cochlearia'' (scurvy-grass or spoonwort) is a genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial herbs in the family Brassicaceae. They are widely distributed in temperate and arctic areas of the northern hemisphere, most commonly found in coastal regions, on cliff-tops and salt marshes where their high tolerance of salt enables them to avoid competition from larger, but less salt-tolerant plants; they also occur in alpine habitats in mountains and tundra. They form low, rounded or creeping plants, typically 5–20 cm tall. The leaves are smoothly rounded, roughly spoon-shaped (the scientific name ''Cochlearia'' derives from the Latinized form, ''cocleare'', of the Greek κοχλιάριον, ''kokhliárion'', a spoon; this a diminutive of κόχλος, ''kókhlos'', seashell), or in some species, lobed; typically 1–5 cm long, and with a fleshy texture. The flowers are white with four petals and are borne in short racemes. Selected species About 30 species are u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zingiber Officinale
Ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. It is an herbaceous perennial that grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall, bearing narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences bear flowers having pale yellow petals with purple edges, and arise directly from the rhizome on separate shoots. Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae, which also includes turmeric (''Curcuma longa''), cardamom (''Elettaria cardamomum''), and galangal. Ginger originated in Maritime Southeast Asia and was likely domesticated first by the Austronesian peoples. It was transported with them throughout the Indo-Pacific during the Austronesian expansion ( BP), reaching as far as Hawaii. Ginger is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in Europe with the spice trade, and was used by ancient Greeks and Romans. The distantly related dicots in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allium Sativum
Garlic (''Allium sativum'') is a species of bulbous flowering plants in the genus ''Allium''. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chives, Allium fistulosum, Welsh onion, and Allium chinense, Chinese onion. Garlic is native to Central Asia, central and south Asia, stretching from the Black Sea through the southern Caucasus, northeastern Iran, and the Hindu Kush; it also grows wild in parts of Southern Europe, Mediterranean Europe. There are two subspecies and hundreds of Cultivar, varieties of garlic. Garlic has been used for thousands of years as a seasoning, culinary ingredient, Traditional medicine, traditional medical remedy; it was known in many ancient civilizations, including the Babylonians, ancient Egypt, Egyptians, Romans, and Chinese, and remains significant in many cuisines and Traditional medicine, folk treatments, especially across the Mediterranean and Asia. Garlic propagates in a variety of climates and conditions and is produced globally; China ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
