Pterobilin
''Graphium sarpedon'' which contains pterobilin Pterobilin also called biliverdin IXγ in the Fischer nomenclature, is a blue bile pigment found in ''Nessaea'' spp., ''Graphium agamemnon'', '' G. antiphates'', '' G. doson'', and '' G. sarpedon''. It is one of only a few blue pigments found in any animal species, as most animals use iridescence to create blue coloration. Other blue pigments of animal origin include phorcabilin, used by other butterflies in '' Graphium'' and ''Papilio'' (specifically '' P. phorcas'' and '' P. weiskei''), and sarpedobilin, which is used by ''Graphium sarpedon''. Synthetic pathways Pterobilin is a chemical precursor to sarpedobilin in the larvae of the fourth instar of ''G. sarpedon'' through a double cyclisation of the central vinyl groups of the adjacent nitrogens. In the butterfly species ''Pieris brassicae'', it is produced starting with acetate and then proceeding to glycin, then δ-aminolevulinic acid, then coproporphyrinogen III, to protopo ...
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