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Pituri
Pituri, also known as mingkulpa, is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a stimulant (or, after extended use, a depressant) by Aboriginal Australians widely across the continent. Leaves are gathered from any of several species of native tobacco (''Nicotiana'') or from at least one distinct population of the species '' Duboisia hopwoodii''. Various species of ''Acacia'', ''Grevillea'' and ''Eucalyptus'' are burned to produce the ash. The term "pituri" may also refer to the plants from which the leaves are gathered or from which the ash is made. Some authors use the term to refer only to the plant ''Duboisia hopwoodii'' and its leaves and any chewing mixture containing its leaves.Silcock JL, Tischler M, Smith MA"Quantifying the Mulligan River Pituri, ''Duboisia hopwoodii'' ((F.Muell.) F.Muell.) (Solanaceae), Trade of Central Australia."''Ethnobotany Research & Applications''. 2012; 10:037-044. Retrieved 30 April 2015. History The earliest record of Aboriginal c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duboisia Hopwoodii
''Duboisia hopwoodii'' is a shrub native to the arid interior region of Australia. Common names include pituri, pitchuri thornapple or pitcheri. Description The species has an erect habit, usually growing to between 1 and 3 metres in height, with long, narrow leaves. Flowers are white and bell-shaped with violet-striped throats. These appear between June and November in the species' native range followed by purple-black, rounded berries which are 3 to 6 mm in diameter. Like other members of the Solanaceae family such as tobacco, ''D. hopwoodii'' contains nicotine. Pituri Indigenous Australians mix the dried leaves of a small population of ''D. hopwoodii'' growing around the Mulligan River with wood ash to make a variety of pituri, the traditional Aboriginal chewing mixture. ''D. hopwoodii'' plants from this region are high in nicotine and low in nornicotine, whereas those found in some other parts of Australia can have very high levels of nornicotine and are sometimes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Bancroft
Joseph Bancroft (21 February 1836 – 16 June 1894) was a surgeon, pharmacologist and parasitologist born in England, who emigrated to Queensland, Australia. Early life Bancroft was born in Stretford, near Manchester, Lancashire, the only son of Joseph Bancroft, a farmer, and his wife Mary, ''née'' Lane. He took a five-year apprenticeship with Dr Jeremiah Renshaw at Sale in Cheshire. He later studied at the Manchester Royal School of Medicine and Surgery (M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 1859), where he won several prizes. He took his medical degree at the University of St Andrews in 1859 and later became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons. He practised at Nottingham until 1864, then emigrated to Queensland after being advised a warmer climate would improve his health. Career in Australia Bancroft arrived in Brisbane on 29 October 1864, having travelled on the ''Lady Young'' as a surgeon. After a short holiday he began to practise in a residential quarter of Brisbane, and soon bec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimulant
Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription (either legally or illicitly) as performance-enhancing or recreational drugs. Among narcotics, stimulants produce a noticeable crash or '' comedown'' at the end of their effects. The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and amphetamine (Adderall). It was estimated in 2015 that the percentage of the world population that had used cocaine during a year was 0.4%. For the category "amphetamines and prescription stimulants" (with "amphetamines" including amphetamine and methamphetamine) the value was 0.7% ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotiana Suaveolens (Edwards)
''Nicotiana suaveolens'', the Australian tobacco, is a herb to 1.5 metres tall. Growing in New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ... and Victoria. References * suaveolens Tobacco Tobacco in Australia Flora of Victoria (Australia) Flora of New South Wales {{Solanales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acacia Salicina
''Acacia salicina'' is a thornless species of ''Acacia'' tree native to Australia. It is a large shrub or small evergreenGardens At Carefree Town Center - Plant Identification List growing up to 13.7m (45 feet) tall. Fast grower dropping lots of leaf litter. It has a life span of about 10–50 years. In the Northern Hemisphere, ''Acacia salicina'' flowers primarily from October to January and the seed pods are often visible from April to July. The tree's seeds are shiny, black and have a crimson appendage-like [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mulligan River
The Mulligan River is a tributary of Eyre Creek in the Channel Country region of southwest Queensland. It is in the Lake Eyre Basin. The river rises in Glenormiston Station and flows generally south through Marion Downs Station into Eyre Creek, which ultimately feeds through the Warburton River into Lake Eyre Lake Eyre ( ), officially known as Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, is an endorheic lake in east-central Far North South Australia, some north of Adelaide. The shallow lake is the depocentre of the vast endorheic Lake Eyre basin, and contains .... References Rivers of Queensland {{Queensland-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotiana Rosulata
''Nicotiana rustica'' is a plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. ''N. rosulata'' was first described in 1899 as ''Nicotiana suaveolens'' var. ''rosulata'' by Spencer Le Marchant Moore, but the taxon was elevated to species status by Karel Domin in 1929.Domin, K. (1929), Beitrage zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. Bibliotheca Botanica 22(89): 1146, t. 36, Fig. 11 References External links ''Nicotiana rosulata'': images & occurrence datafrom GBIF The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around the ... {{Taxonbar, from=Q15531535 rosulata Flora of South Australia Flora of Western Australia Flora of the Northern Territory Plants described in 1899 Tobacco Tobacco in Australia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotiana Gossei
''Nicotiana'' () is a genus of herbaceous plants and shrubs in the family Solanaceae, that is indigenous to the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. Various ''Nicotiana'' species, commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. '' N. tabacum'' is grown worldwide for the cultivation of tobacco leaves used for manufacturing and producing tobacco products, including cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes, chewing tobacco, dipping tobacco, snuff, and snus. Taxonomy Species The 79 accepted species include: * '' Nicotiana acuminata'' (Graham) Hook. – manyflower tobaccoKnapp et al. (2004) Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) Taxon. 53(1):73-82. * '' Nicotiana africana'' Merxm. * '' Nicotiana alata'' Link & Otto – jasmine tobacco, sweet tobacco, winged tobacco, Persian tobacco, ''tanbaku'' (in Persian) * '' Nicotiana attenuata'' Torrey ex S. Watson &nd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nornicotine
Nornicotine is an alkaloid found in various plants including ''Nicotiana'', the tobacco plant. It is chemically similar to nicotine, but does not contain a methyl group. It is a precursor to the carcinogen ''N''-nitrosonornicotine that is produced during the curing and processing of tobacco. Nornicotine can react in human saliva to form N-nitrosonornicotine, a known type 1 carcinogen. Synthesis There are several routes for the synthesis of nornicotine. One route is the demethylation of nicotine, which can be accomplished by reaction with silver oxide. \mathrm Another route is the partial reduction of 3- myosmine, which can be accomplished by standard catalytic hydrogenation conditions using palladium as a catalyst or with sodium borohydride.. This reaction gives the racemic In chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate (), is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alice Springs
Alice Springs ( aer, Mparntwe) is the third-largest town in the Northern Territory of Australia. Known as Stuart until 31 August 1933, the name Alice Springs was given by surveyor William Whitfield Mills after Alice, Lady Todd (''née'' Alice Gillam Bell), wife of the telegraph pioneer Sir Charles Todd. Known colloquially as 'The Alice' or simply 'Alice', the town is situated roughly in Australia's geographic centre. It is nearly equidistant from Adelaide and Darwin. The area is also known locally as Mparntwe to its original inhabitants, the Arrernte, who have lived in the Central Australian desert in and around what is now Alice Springs for tens of thousands of years. Alice Springs had an urban population of 26,534 Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018. in June 2018, having declined an average of 1.16% per year the preceding five years. The town's population accounts for approximately 10 per cent of the population of the Northern Territory. The town straddles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotiana Suaveolens
''Nicotiana suaveolens'', the Australian tobacco, is a herb to 1.5 metres tall. Growing in New South Wales and Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle .... References * suaveolens Tobacco Tobacco in Australia Flora of Victoria (Australia) Flora of New South Wales {{Solanales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
