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Nucleolin
Nucleolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NCL'' gene. Gene The human NCL gene is located on chromosome 2 and consists of 14 exons with 13 introns and spans approximately 11kb. The intron 11 of the NCL gene encodes a small nucleolar RNA, termed U20. Function Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats. Nucleolin is also able to act as a transcriptional coactivator with Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II ( COUP-TFII). Clinical significance Midkine and pleiotrophin bind to cell-surface nucleolin as a lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (abbreviated to TERT, or hTERT in humans) is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase, which, together with the telomerase RNA component (TERC), comprises the most important unit of the telomerase complex. Telomerases are part of a distinct subgroup of RNA-dependent polymerases. Telomerase lengthens telomeres in DNA strands, thereby allowing senescent cells that would otherwise become postmitotic and undergo apoptosis to exceed the Hayflick limit and become potentially immortal, as is often the case with cancerous cells. To be specific, TERT is responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotides in a TTAGGG sequence to the ends of a chromosome's telomeres. This addition of repetitive DNA sequences prevents degradation of the chromosomal ends following multiple rounds of replication. hTERT absence (usually as a result of a chromosomal mutation) is associated with the disorder Cri du chat. Function Telomerase is a ribonucleopr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTDH
Metadherin, also known as protein LYRIC or astrocyte elevated gene-1 protein (AEG-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MTDH'' gene. Function MTDH (AEG-1) is involved in HIF-1alpha mediated angiogenesis. MTDH also interacts with SND1 and involved in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and plays very important role in RISC and miRNA functions. MTDH has been shown to interact with spliceosome proteins in the cell nucleus and regulate the process of alternative splicing. MTDH induces an oncogene called Late SV40 factor (LSF/ TFCP2) which is involved in thymidylate synthase (TS) induction and DNA biosynthesis synthesis. Late SV40 factor (LSF/TFCP2) enhances angiogenesis by transcriptionally up-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 ( MMP9). Clinical significance MTDH acts as an oncogene in melanoma, malignant glioma, breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is highly expressed in these cancers and helps in their progression and development. It is induced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromosome 2
Chromosome 2 is one of the twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 2 is the second-largest human chromosome, spanning more than 242 million base pairs and representing almost eight percent of the total DNA in human cells. Chromosome 2 contains the HOXD homeobox gene cluster. Chromosomes Humans have only twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, while all other extant members of Hominidae have twenty-four pairs. It is believed that Neanderthals and Denisovans had twenty-three pairs. Human chromosome 2 is a result of an end-to-end fusion of two ancestral chromosomes.It has been hypothesized that Human Chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes by Alec MacAndrew; accessed 18 May 2006. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S100A11
S100 calcium-binding protein A11 (S100A11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''S100A11'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100A11, also known as calgizzarin or 100C, is a small acidic protein. Along with all 13 members of the S100 family, are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. It was first found in 1989, and later isolated from chicken gizzard muscles. The protein may function in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis. Its high expression has been found in many tissues including lung, pancreas, heart, placenta, kidney, and low levels in skeletal muscle, liver, and brain tissue. S100A11 is implicated in membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicular transportation and processes of endo and exocytosis. It has been shown that S100A11 interacts with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COUP-TFII
COUP-TFII (COUP transcription factor 2), also known as NR2F2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NR2F2'' gene. The COUP acronym stands for chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter. Function COUP-TFII plays a critical role in controlling the development of a number of tissues and organs including heart, blood vessels, muscles and limbs. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) stimulates COUP-TFII-induced transactivation while COUP-TFII represses the GR transcriptional activity. COUP-TFII interacts with GATA2 to inhibit adipocyte differentiation. Structure and ligands The structure of COUP-TF2 LBD is known. Retinoic acid, although not at physiological concentrations, activate this receptor. Interactions COUP-TFII has been shown to interact with: * HDAC1 * Lck * V-erbA-related gene. * Nucleolin Nucleolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NCL'' gene. Gene The human NCL gene is located on chromosome 2 and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PPP1CB
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1CB'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the three catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). PP1 is a serine/threonine specific protein phosphatase known to be involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, such as cell division, glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility, protein synthesis, and HIV-1 viral transcription. Mouse studies suggest that PP1 functions as a suppressor of learning and memory. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. Interactions PPP1CB has been shown to Protein-protein interaction, interact with PPP1R15A, Nucleolin, SMARCB1 and PPP1R9B. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NPM1
Nucleophosmin (NPM), also known as nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 or numatrin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NPM1'' gene. Function NPM1 is associated with nucleolar ribonucleoprotein structures and binds single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids, but it binds preferentially G-quadruplex forming nucleic acids. It is involved in the biogenesis of ribosomes and may assist small basic proteins in their transport to the nucleolus. Its regulation through SUMOylation (by SENP3 and SENP5) is another facet of the protein's regulation and cellular functions. It is located in the nucleolus, but it can be translocated to the nucleoplasm in case of serum starvation or treatment with anticancer drugs. The protein is phosphorylated. Nucleophosmin has multiple functions: # Histone chaperones # Ribosome biogenesis and transport # Genomic stability and DNA repair # Endoribonuclease activity # Centrosome duplication during cell cycle # Regulation of ARF-p53 tum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centaurin, Alpha 1
Arf-GAP with dual PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ADAP1'' gene. Interactions Centaurin, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with: * Casein kinase 1, alpha 1 * Nucleolin, * P110α, * PRKCI, * Protein kinase D1, and * Protein kinase Mζ. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of ADAP1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called ''Adap1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi'' was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen In genetics, the phenotype () is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological prop ... to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: * In-depth immunological phenotyping * in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping References Further readi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CSNK2A2
Casein kinase II subunit alpha' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK2A2'' gene. Interactions CSNK2A2 has been shown to interact with over 160 different substrates. CSNK2A2 has been shown to interact with: * Activating transcription factor 2, * ATF1, * C-Fos, * CREB binding protein, * CSNK2B, * FGF1 Fibroblast growth factor 1, (FGF-1) also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the ''FGF1'' gene. It is synthesized as a 155 amino acid polypeptide, whose mature form is a non- glyco ..., * Nucleolin, * PIN1, * PTEN, and * RELA. References External links * * Further reading * * {{gene-16-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid resid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
