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Nişancı
was a high post in Ottoman Empire, Ottoman bureaucracy. The Turkish word literally means "court calligrapher" or "sealer", as the original duty of the was to seal royal precepts. History Although the post of the court calligrapher was established during the reign of Orhan I, Orhan (1324–1361), the name came into use during the reign of Murat II (1421–1451). According to the law of Mehmet II (1451–1481), the was a member of the divan (Ottoman government). Beginning in the mid-18th century, the post lost its former importance, and in 1836, it was abolished. Duties of the nişancı The was responsible for sealing the precepts of the sultan and the grand vizier. The was also responsible in supervising the divan's archives and keeping the records of the timar system (lands granted and taxation authority by the Ottoman sultans to bureaucrats and sipahi soldiers in return for their services). Up until the 17th century, the post of was also the equivalent of foreign ministe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nişancı Ahmet Pasha
was a high post in Ottoman bureaucracy. The Turkish word literally means "court calligrapher" or "sealer", as the original duty of the was to seal royal precepts. History Although the post of the court calligrapher was established during the reign of Orhan (1324–1361), the name came into use during the reign of Murat II (1421–1451). According to the law of Mehmet II (1451–1481), the was a member of the divan (Ottoman government). Beginning in the mid-18th century, the post lost its former importance, and in 1836, it was abolished. Duties of the nişancı The was responsible for sealing the precepts of the sultan and the grand vizier. The was also responsible in supervising the divan's archives and keeping the records of the timar system (lands granted and taxation authority by the Ottoman sultans to bureaucrats and sipahi soldiers in return for their services). Up until the 17th century, the post of was also the equivalent of foreign minister. However, during the r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nişancı Süleyman Pasha
Nişancı Süleyman Pasha (also known as Silahdar Süleyman Pasha, died 1715) was an 18th-century high-ranking Ottoman civil servant and grand vizier. Biography Süleyman Pasha was of Abazin origin. In 1705, he was appointed governor of Aleppo, then in Ottoman Syria. He also served on Euboea an island in Ottoman Greece and Cyprus. In 1709, he was promoted to the high post of a nişancı, court reporter. On 12 November 1712, he was appointed grand vizier. The main diplomatic problem during his office term was the fate of the King Charles XII of Sweden, who was residing in Ottoman lands after his defeat by the Russian forces in the Battle of Poltava (1709). When Charles XII refused to return to his country Sweden, Süleyman Pasha moved his residence from Bender in Ottoman Moldova to Didymoteicho in Ottoman Greece. But Ottoman Sultan Ahmet III (reigned 1703–1730) did not approve this policy towards a guest of the Empire. On 4 April 1713, he was dismissed from the post of grand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Titles
This is a list of titles and appellations used in the Ottoman Empire. In place of surnames, Muslims in the Empire carried titles such as "Sultan", " Paşa", "Ağa", "Hoca", "Bey", " Hanım", " Efendi", etc. These titles either defined their formal profession (such as Pasha, Hoca, etc.) or their informal status within the society (such as Bey, Agha, Hanım, Efendi, etc.). Later, family surnames were made mandatory in Turkey by the 1934 Surname Law. Usage by Ottoman royalty The sovereigns' main titles were Sultan, Padishah (Emperor) and Khan; which were of various origins such as Arabic, Persian and Turkish or Mongolian, respectively. His full style was the result of a long historical accumulation of titles expressing the empire's rights and claims as successor to the various states it annexed or subdued. Beside these imperial titles, Caesar of Rome was among the important titles claimed by Sultan Mehmed II after the conquest of Constantinople. The title sultan (), originally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elmas Mehmet Pasha
Elmas Mehmed Pasha (1661 – 11 September 1697) was an Ottoman statesman who served as grand vizier from 1695 to 1697. His epithet ''Elmas'' means "diamond" in Persian and refers to his fame as a handsome man. Early years He was a Turk from Doğanyurt (formerly Hoşalay), now in Kastamonu Province of Turkey. His father was a sea captain (). During the reign of Mehmed IV, he began working for the Ottoman palace upon the personal request of the sultan. He was one of the few Ottoman statesmen who were fortunate enough to be appointed to high posts while still young. During the reign of Ahmed II, he was appointed as the nişancı in 1688 and a vizier (government minister) in 1689. As a grand vizier The Ottoman Empire had been experiencing a period of defeats during the Great Turkish War following the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683. After the execution of Kara Mustafa Pasha, 11 grand viziers had been in the office between 1683 and 1695. Elmas Mehmed Pasha was appointed as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha
Karamani Mehmet Pasha (died 4 May 1481) was an Ottoman statesman who served as Grand Vizier from 1477 to 1481. Early years Karamani was born in Konya and was a descendant of Rumi. He traveled to Constantinople (present day Istanbul) to study in the medrese founded by Mahmud Pasha Angelovic. Later on, he worked as a teacher in the medrese. Being a man of letters, in various occasions he acted as a consultant to the sultan. He was appointed as the court calligrapher ( nisanci, ) and he contributed to the ''kanunname'' of Mehmed II, a series of laws regularising the Ottoman Empire. He also helped the sultan in writing letters of high literary value to Aq Qoyunlu sultan Uzun Hasan. As a grand vizier After conquering Constantinople and the execution of grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha, Mehmed II had preferred to appoint grand viziers of devshirme origin instead of Ethnic Turks to avoid possible crises caused by over-powerful grand viziers. After executing his last Turkish gra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism with the List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, provinces, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were just as often earned. Positions were perceived as List of Ottoman titles and appellations, titles, such as viziers and ''Agha (Ottoman Empire), aghas''. Military of the Ottoman Empire, Military service was a key to many problems. The expansion of the Empire called for a systematic administrative organization that developed into a dual system of military ("Central Government") and civil administration ("Provincial System") and developed a kind of separation of powers: higher executive functions were carried out by the military authorities and judiciary, judicial and basic administration were carried out by civil authorities. Outside this system were vario ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orhan I
Orhan Ghazi (; , also spelled Orkhan; died 1362) was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I. In the early stages of his reign, Orhan focused his energies on conquering most of northwestern Anatolia. The majority of these areas were under Byzantine rule and he won his first battle at Pelekanon against the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. Orhan also occupied the lands of the Karasids of Balıkesir and the Ahis of Ankara. A series of civil wars surrounding the ascension of the nine-year-old Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos greatly benefited Orhan. In the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, the regent John VI Kantakouzenos married his daughter Theodora to Orhan and employed Ottoman warriors against the rival forces of the empress dowager, allowing them to loot Thrace. In the Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357, Kantakouzenos used Ottoman forces against John V, granting them the use of a Europea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sipahi
The ''sipahi'' ( , ) were professional cavalrymen deployed by the Seljuk Turks and later by the Ottoman Empire. ''Sipahi'' units included the land grant–holding ('' timar'') provincial ''timarli sipahi'', which constituted most of the army, and the salaried regular ''kapikulu sipahi'', or palace troops. However, the irregular light cavalry ("raiders") were not considered to be . The ''sipahi'' formed their own distinctive social classes and were rivals to the janissaries, the elite infantry corps of the sultans. A variant of the term "''sipahi''" was also applied by colonial authorities to several cavalry units serving in the French and Italian colonial armies during the 19th and 20th centuries (see ). Name The word is derived from Persian and means "soldier" and is also transliterated as and ; rendered in other languages as: in Albanian and Romanian, ''sepuh'' (սեպուհ) in Armenian, () in Greek, or in Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, and Macedonian (Cyril ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
