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Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (tablet form), and molly (crystal form), is an empathogen–entactogenic drug with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties. In studies, it has been used alongside psychotherapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. The purported pharmacological effects that may be prosocial include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last three to six hours. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch. It was used to enhance psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music. Tablets sold as ecstasy may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. In 2016, about 21 million people between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entactogen
Entactogens, also known as empathogens or connectogens, are a class of psychoactive drugs that induce the production of experiences of emotional communion, oneness, connectedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with MDMA. This class of drug is distinguished from the classes of hallucinogens or psychedelics and stimulants, although entactogens, for instance MDMA, can also have these properties. Entactogens are used both as recreational drugs and are being investigated for medical use in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, for instance MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Notable members of this class include MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MDOH, MBDB, 5-APB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB, 6-MAPB, methylone, mephedrone, αMT, αET, and MDAI, among others. Most entactogens are phenethylamines and amphetamines, although several, such as αMT and αET, are tryptamines. When referring to MDMA and its cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA, 3,4-DHMA), or 3,4-dihydroxy-''N''-methylamphetamine, also known as α-methylepinine or α,''N''-dimethyldopamine, is the major metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (MDMA). It is formed from MDMA by ''O''-demethylation via cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP2D6 as well as CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Like MDMA, HHMA is a monoamine releasing agent. Along with 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine), HHMA may be involved in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA. However, findings in this regard are conflicting, and the neurotoxicity of MDMA and related agents may instead be based on their mechanism of action In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical Drug interaction, interaction through which a Medication, drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. A mechanism of action usually includes mention o ... without involvement of metabolites. See also * 3,4-Dihydro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonergic Psychedelic
Psychedelics are a subclass of hallucinogenic drugs whose primary effect is to trigger non-ordinary mental states (known as psychedelic experiences or "trips") and a perceived "expansion of consciousness". Also referred to as classic hallucinogens or serotonergic hallucinogens, the term ''psychedelic'' is sometimes used more broadly to include various other types of hallucinogens as well, such as those which are atypical or adjacent to psychedelia like salvia and MDMA, respectively. Classic psychedelics generally cause specific psychological, visual, and auditory changes, and oftentimes a substantially altered state of consciousness. They have had the largest influence on science and culture, and include mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and DMT. There are a large number of both naturally occurring and synthetic serotonergic psychedelics. Most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three families of chemical compounds: tryptamines, phenethylamines, or lysergamides. They pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimulant
Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognition, Mood disorder, mood, and physical activity, physical performance. Some stimulants occur naturally, while others are exclusively synthetic. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate, and modafinil. Stimulants may be subject to varying forms of regulation, or outright prohibition, depending on jurisdiction. Stimulants increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system, either directly or indirectly. Prototypical stimulants increase synaptic concentrations of neurotransmitter, excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and dopamine (e.g., methylphenidate). Other stimulants work by binding to the Receptor (biochemistry), receptors of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., nicotine) or by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
(R)-MDMA
(''R'')-3,4-Methylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine ((''R'')-MDMA), also known as (''R'')-midomafetamine or as ''levo''-MDMA, is the (''R'')- or levorotatory (''l''-) enantiomer of MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (MDMA; midomafetamine; "ecstasy"), a racemic mixture of (''R'')-MDMA and (''S'')-MDMA. Like MDMA, (''R'')-MDMA is an entactogen or empathogen. It is taken oral administration, by mouth. The drug is a serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent (SNRA) and weak serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, 5-HT2A receptor agonist. It has substantially less or no significant dopamine releasing agent, dopamine-releasing activity compared to MDMA and (''S'')-MDMA. In preclinical research, preclinial studies, (''R'')-MDMA shows equivalent therapeutic-like effects to MDMA, such as increased prosocial behavior, but shows reduced psychostimulant-like effects, addictive potential, and serotonergic neurotoxin, serotonergic neurotoxicity. In clinical study, clinical studies, (''R'')-MD ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin
Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS. Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CYP2D6
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CYP2D6'' gene. ''CYP2D6'' is primarily expressed in the liver. It is also highly expressed in areas of the central nervous system, including the substantia nigra. CYP2D6, a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. In particular, CYP2D6 is responsible for the metabolism and elimination of approximately 25% of clinically used drugs, via the addition or removal of certain functional groups – specifically, hydroxylation, demethylation, and dealkylation. CYP2D6 also activates some prodrugs. This enzyme also metabolizes several endogenous substances, such as N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, hydroxytryptamines, neurosteroids, and both ''m''-tyramine and ''p''-tyramine which CYP2D6 metabolizes into dopamine in the brain and liver. Considerable variation exists in the efficiency and amount of C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) is an active metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It is a slightly more potent stimulant than MDMA in rodents. The drug is substantially less potent than MDMA as a monoamine releasing agent ''in vitro''. Nonetheless, HMMA has been found to induce the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine with values of 589nM, 625nM, and 607–2884nM, respectively, and hence acts as a lower-potency serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). The predicted log P of HMMA is 1.2. See also * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA) * 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine) * 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA, 3,4-DHMA), or 3,4-dihydroxy-''N''-methylamphetamine, also known as α-methylepinine or α,''N''-dimethyldopamine, is the major metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (MDMA). It is formed fro ... (HHMA; α-methylepinine) * 2,4,5-Trihydro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), also known as 3-''O''-methyl-α-methyldopamine, is an active metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It is substantially less potent than MDMA or 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as a monoamine releasing agent ''in vitro''. Nonetheless, HMA has been found to induce the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine with values of 897nM, 694nM, and 1450–3423nM, respectively, and hence acts as a lower-potency serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). The predicted log P of HMA is 0.6. See also * 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) * 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine) * 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine 3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA, 3,4-DHMA), or 3,4-dihydroxy-''N''-methylamphetamine, also known as α-methylepinine or α,''N''-dimethyldopamine, is the major metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (MDMA). It is formed fro ... (HHMA; α-methylepinin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States National Library Of Medicine
The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is an institute within the National Institutes of Health. Its collections include more than seven million books, journals, technical reports, manuscripts, microfilms, photographs, and images on medicine and related sciences, including some of the world's oldest and rarest works. the acting director of the NLM was Stephen Sherry. History The precursor of the National Library of Medicine, established in 1836, was the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, a part of the office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and its Medical Museum were founded in 1862 as the Army Medical Museum. Throughout their history the Library of the Surgeon General's Office and the Army Medical Museum often shared quarters. From 1866 to 1887, they were ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
