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Kleroterion
A kleroterion () was a randomization device used by the Athenian polis during the period of democracy to select citizens to the ''boule'', to most state offices, to the ''nomothetai'', and to court juries. The kleroterion was a slab of stone incised with rows of slots and with an attached tube. Citizens' tokens— pinakia—were placed randomly in the slots so that every member of each of the tribes of Athens had their tokens placed in the same column. There was a pipe attached to the stone which could then be fed dice that were coloured differently (assumed to be black and white) and could be released individually by a mechanism that has not survived to posterity (but is speculated to be by two nails; one used to block the open end and another to separate the next die to fall from the rest of the dice above it, like an airlock.) When a die was released, a complete row of tokens (so, one citizen from each of the tribes of Athens) was either selected if the die was coloured on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sortition
In governance, sortition is the selection of public officer, officials or jurors at random, i.e. by Lottery (probability), lottery, in order to obtain a representative sample. In ancient Athenian democracy, sortition was the traditional and primary method for appointing political officials, and its use was regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy. Sortition is often classified as a method for both direct democracy and deliberative democracy. Today sortition is commonly used to select prospective jurors in common law (legal system), common-law systems. What has changed in recent years is the increased number of citizens' assembly, citizen groups with political advisory power, along with calls for making sortition more consequential than elections, as it was in Athenian democracy, Athens, Republic of Venice, Venice, and Republic of Florence, Florence. History Ancient Athens Athenian democracy developed in the 6th century BC out of what was then called isonomia (equal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinakion
In ancient Greece, a pinakion (, pl. ) was a small bronze or wooden plate used as a form of citizen's token. Pinakia for candidates for political office or for jury membership were designed to be inserted into randomization machines ( kleroteria) so votes could be as accurate as possible to a wider community. Pinakia were common in Athens, but there are examples of non-Athenian pinakia as well. Origins During the Golden Age of Athens Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ..., the use of pinakia developed from earlier forms of voting. These early methods included dropping pebbles in labelled vases and voting by raising hands. The first pinakia and secret vote in Athens were recorded in the mid-5th century BCE. While wood was occasionally used, the best surviving pina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AGMA Kleroterion , the local government association for Greater Manchester, England
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Agma is a name for the velar nasal speech sound and the letter ⟨⟩ that stands for it. AGMA may refer to: * Alliance for Gray Market and Counterfeit Abatement, an anti-counterfeiting and gray market organization * American Gear Manufacturers Association, a trade group for companies involved in gears, couplings and related power transmission components and equipment * American Guild of Musical Artists, an entertainment labor union * Association of Greater Manchester Authorities Association may refer to: *Club (organization), an association of two or more people united by a common interest or goal *Trade association, an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry *Voluntary associatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deme
In Ancient Greece, a deme or (, plural: ''demoi'', δήμοι) was a suburb or a subdivision of Classical Athens, Athens and other city-states. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BC. In those reforms, enrollment in the citizen-lists of a deme became the requirement for citizenship; prior to that time, citizenship had been based on membership in a phratry, or family group. At this same time, demes were established in the main city of Athens itself, where they had not previously existed; in all, at the end of Cleisthenes' reforms, Classical Athens, Athens was divided into 139 demes., Three other demes were created subsequently: Berenikidai (224/223 BC), Apollonieis (201/200 BC), and Antinoeis (AD 126/127). The establishment of demes as the fundamental units of the state weakened the ''genos, gene'', or aristocratic family groups, that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democracy
Democracy (from , ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive Election, elections while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections. In a direct democracy, the people have the direct authority to Deliberation, deliberate and decide legislation. In a representative democracy, the people choose governing officials through elections to do so. The definition of "the people" and the ways authority is shared among them or delegated by them have changed over time and at varying rates in different countries. Features of democracy oftentimes include freedom of assembly, freedom of association, association, personal property, freedom of religion and freedom of speech, speech, citizenship, consent of the governe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece () was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity (), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and communities. Prior to the Roman period, most of these regions were officially unified only once under the Kingdom of Macedon from 338 to 323 BC. In Western history, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine period. Three centuries after the decline of Mycenaean Greece during the Bronze Age collapse, Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period and the colonization of the Mediterranean Basin. This was followed by the age of Classical Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, and which included the Golden Age of Athens and the Peloponnesian War. The u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lottery Machine
A lottery machine is the machine used to draw the winning numbers for a lottery. Early lotteries were done by drawing numbers, or winning Ticket (admission), tickets, from a container. In the United Kingdom, UK, numbers of winning Premium Bonds (which were not strictly a lottery, but very similar in approach) were generated by an Electronics, electronic machine called ERNIE. Types Mechanical machines Most lotteries use mechanical lottery machines. These are more interesting to watch, and more transparent, both literally and figuratively: the audience can see exactly how the internal workings of the machine operate, and they can watch the balls come out of the machine; generally, the balls are visible during the entire draw. Gravity Pick A gravity pick machine has a chamber with rotating paddles inside, spinning in opposite directions. Numbered balls are dropped into the chamber and mixed until a sliding door opens, allowing the desired number of balls to pass through, one at a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sterling Dow
Sterling Dow (19 November 1903, Portland, Maine – 9 January 1995, Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an American classical archaeologist, epigrapher, and professor of archaeology at Harvard University. (with Dow's publication list) After secondary education at Phillips Exeter Academy, Dow matriculated in 1921 at Harvard University (This article has the misspelling "Burt Hodge Hill" instead of the correct "Bert Hodge Hill".) and graduated there in 1925 with a bachelor's degree in philosophy. As the winner of the Fiske Scholarship, Dow spent the academic year 1925–1926 studying ancient history at Trinity College, Cambridge. Returning to Harvard in 1926, he graduated with an M.A. in 1928 and a Ph.D. in history in 1936. His doctoral supervisor was the Canadian ancient historian William Scott Ferguson (1875–1954). Dow married Elizabeth Sanderson Flagg in 1931. Sterling and Elizabeth Dow spent the years from 1931 to 1936 in Athens, Greece and often worked together on making paper impress ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Headlam-Morley
Sir James Wycliffe Headlam-Morley, CBE (24 December 1863 – 6 September 1929) was a British academic historian and classicist. He became a civil servant and government advisor on current foreign policy. He was known as James Wycliffe Headlam until 1918, when he changed his surname to Headlam-Morley by royal licence. He was knighted in 1929 for public service. Family He was the second son of Arthur William Headlam (1826–1908), vicar of Whorlton, County Durham, and was the younger brother of Arthur Cayley Headlam (1862–1947), Bishop of Gloucester. In 1893, he married Elisabeth Charlotta Henrietta Ernestina Sonntag (1866–1950), a German musician and composer who was also known as Else Headlam-Morley. The historian Agnes Headlam-Morley (1902–1986) was their daughter. Education and career He was educated at Eton, King's College, Cambridge, and in Germany where he studied with Treitschke and Hans Delbrück. From 1894–1900 he was Professor of Greek and Ancient History a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dikastes
Dikastes (, pl. δικασταί) was a legal office in ancient Greece that signified, in the broadest sense, a judge or juror, but more particularly denotes the Attic functionary of the democratic period, who, with his colleagues, was constitutionally empowered to try to pass judgment upon all causes and questions that the laws and customs of his country found to warrant judicial investigation. Selection process In the circumstance of a plurality of persons being selected from the mass of private citizens, and associated temporarily as representatives of the whole body of the people, adjudicating between its individual members, and of such delegates swearing an oath that they would well and truly discharge the duties entrusted to them, there appears some resemblance between the constitution of the Attic '' dikasterion'' (court) and an English or American jury, but in nearly all other respects the differences between them are large. At Athens the conditions of his eligibility wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of The Athenians (Aristotle)
The ''Constitution of the Athenians'', also called the ''Athenian Constitution'' (), is a work by Aristotle or one of his students. The work describes the constitution of Athens. It is preserved on a papyrus roll from Hermopolis, published in 1891 and now in the British Library. A small part of the work also survives on two leaves of a papyrus codex, discovered in the Fayum in 1879 and now in the papyrus collection of the Egyptian Museum of Berlin. Discovery The Aristotelian text is unique because it is not a part of the ''Corpus Aristotelicum'' as preserved through medieval manuscripts. It was lost until two leaves of a papyrus codex carrying part of the text were discovered in the Fayum in 1879 and published in 1880. A second, more extensive papyrus text was purchased in Egypt by an American missionary in 1890. E. A. Wallis Budge of the British Museum acquired it later that year, and the first edition of it by Frederic G. Kenyon was published in January, 1891. The editio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ure Museum Entrance Reading
Ure or URE may refer to: People * Alan Ure, English football manager * Alexander Ure, 1st Baron Strathclyde (1853–1928), Scottish politician and judge * Andrew Ure (1778–1857), Scottish doctor, scholar and chemist * Annie Ure (1893–1976), English archaeologist and curator of Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology * David Ure (1749–1798), Scottish geologist * David A. Ure (1910–1953), Canadian politician * Gudrun Ure (1926–2024), Scottish actress * Guillermo Alberto O'Donnell Ure (1936–2011), Argentine academic * Ian Ure (born 1939), Scottish footballer * Jean Ure (born 1943), English children's author * Joan Ure, pen name of Elizabeth Clark (1918–1978), English-Scottish poet and playwright * Sir John Ure (diplomat) (born 1931), British diplomat (retired) and writer * Mario Ernesto O'Donnell Ure (born 1941), Argentine historian and physician * Mary Ure (1933–1975), Scottish actress * Midge Ure (born 1953), Scottish musician * Nicky Youre, professional name of N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
