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Indigotin
Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color. Indigo is a natural dye obtained from the leaves of some plants of the ''Indigofera'' genus, in particular ''Indigofera tinctoria''. Dye-bearing ''Indigofera'' plants were once common throughout the world. It is now produced via chemical routes. Blue colorants are rare. Since indigo is insoluble, it is also referred to as a pigment (C.I. Pigment Blue 66, C.I.). Most indigo dye produced today is synthetic, constituting around 80,000 tonnes each year, as of 2023. It is most commonly associated with the production of denim cloth and blue jeans, where its properties allow for effects such as stone washing and acid washing to be applied quickly. Uses The primary use for indigo is as a dye for cotton yarn, mainly used in the production of denim cloth suitable for blue jeans; on average, a pair of blue jeans requires to of dye. Smaller quantities are used in the dyeing of wool and silk. Indigo carmine, also kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indigo Carmine
Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an wikt:organic salt#English, organic salt derived from Indigo dye, indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. Like indigo, it Blue#Colourants, produces a blue color, and is used in food colorant, food and other consumables, cosmetics, and as a medical contrast agent and staining agent; it also acts as a pH indicator. It is approved for human consumption in the United States and European Union.Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices Food and Drug Administration [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyrian Purple
Tyrian purple ( ''porphúra''; ), also known as royal purple, imperial purple, or imperial dye, is a reddish-purple natural dye. The name Tyrian refers to Tyre, Lebanon, once Phoenicia. It is secreted by several species of predatory sea snails in the family Muricidae, rock snails originally known by the name Murex ('' Bolinus brandaris'', '' Hexaplex trunculus'' and '' Stramonita haemastoma''). In ancient times, extracting this dye involved tens of thousands of snails and substantial labour, and as a result, the dye was highly valued. The coloured compound is 6,6'-dibromoindigo. History Biological pigments were often difficult to acquire, and the details of their production were kept secret by the manufacturers. Tyrian purple is a pigment made from the mucus of several species of murex snail. Production of Tyrian purple for use as a fabric dye began as early as 1200 BC by the Phoenicians, and was continued by the Greeks and Byzantine Empire, Romans until 1453 AD, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tekhelet
''Tekhelet'' ( ''təḵēleṯ''; also transliterated ''tekheleth'', ''t'chelet'', ''techelet'', and ''techeiles'') is a highly valued blue dye that held great significance in history of the Mediterranean region, ancient Mediterranean civilizations. In the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition, tekhelet is used to color the ''tzitzit'' (fringe (trim), fringes) attached to the corners of four-cornered garments, including the tallit, and historically in the clothing of the High Priest of Israel and tapestries in the Tabernacle. The Bible does not specify the source or production method of tekhelet, but rabbinic literature records that it could only be derived from a marine animal known as the ''ḥillāzon'' (Hebrew: ). However, the knowledge of tekhelet production was lost during the Middle Ages, leading to the omission of tekhelet from tzitzit. In recent times, many Jews believe that experts have identified the ''ḥillāzon'' as the snail ''Hexaplex trunculus'' (historically cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isatis Tinctoria
''Isatis tinctoria'', also called woad (), dyer's woad, dyer's-weed, or glastum, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family) with a documented history of use as a blue dye and medicinal plant. Its genus name, ''Isatis'', derives from the ancient Greek word for the plant, . It is occasionally known as Asp of Jerusalem. Woad is also the name of a blue dye produced from the leaves of the plant. Woad is native to the steppe and desert zones of the Caucasus, Central Asia to Eastern Siberia and Western Asia but is now also found in South-Eastern and Central Europe and western North America. Since ancient times, woad was an important source of blue dye and was cultivated throughout Europe, especially in Western and Southern Europe. In medieval times, there were important woad-growing regions in England, Germany and France. Towns such as Toulouse became prosperous from the woad trade. Woad was eventually replaced by the more colourfast ''Indigofera tinctori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indigofera Tinctoria
''Indigofera tinctoria'', also called true indigo, is a species of plant from the bean family that was one of the original sources of indigo dye. Description True indigo is a shrub high. It may be an annual plant, annual, biennial plant, biennial, or perennial, depending on the climate in which it is grown. It has light green pinnate leaves and sheafs of pink or violet flowers. The rotenoids deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin and sumatrol can be found in ''I. tinctoria''. Distribution and habitat The native range of this species is tropical West Africa, Tanzania to South Africa and the Indian subcontinent to Mainland Southeast Asia. Agricultural use The plant is a legume, so it is rotated into fields to improve the soil in the same way that other legume crops such as alfalfa and beans are. The plant is also widely grown as a soil-improving groundcover. Dye Dye is obtained from the processing of the plant's leaves. They are soaked in water and fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indoxyl
In organic chemistry, indoxyl is a nitrogenous substance with the chemical formula: C8H7NO. Indoxyl is isomeric with oxindol and is obtained as an oily liquid. Preparation The Heumann indigo synthesis starts from anthranilic acid: : In nature indoxyl is derived from indican, which is a glycoside. The hydrolysis of indican yields β-D-glucose and indoxyl. Indigo dye is a product of the mild oxidation of indoxyl. Indoxyl can be found in urine and is titrated with Obermayer's reagent, which is a dilute solution of ferric chloride (FeCl3) in hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungency, pungent smell. It is classified as a acid strength, strong acid. It is ... (HCl). References Indoles Enols {{heterocyclic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indican
Indican is a colourless organic compound, soluble in water, naturally occurring in ''Indigofera'' plants. It is a precursor of indigo dye. Chemical reactions Indican is a glycoside. Its most significant reaction is hydrolysis of to yields β-D-glucose and indoxyl. Beta-glucosidase, a common enzyme, catalyzes this process. Because the hydrolysis is slow in the absence of the enzyme, indican can be viewed as a protected version of indoxyl. Once formed, the indoxyl is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to give blue indigo dye. Since synthetic indigo is produced on a massive scale by chemical routes, i.e. 50,000 tons/y (2011), the prospect of a biological pathway is of practical interest. Medical significance Biosynthesis A reaction, similar to that used to produce indigo dye, is seen in the normal population, who excrete small amounts of the chemical in their urine. Normal urine reacting to hydrogen peroxide does at times produce a bluish tinge. Tryptophan is first converted to i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin, and vitamin B3 (niacin). It is encoded by the codon UGG. Like other amino acids, tryptophan is a zwitterion at physiological pH where the amino group is protonated (–; pKa = 9.39) and the carboxylic acid is deprotonated ( –COO−; pKa = 2.38). Humans and many animals cannot synthesize tryptophan: they need to obtain it through their diet, making it an essential amino acid. Tryptophan is named after the digestive enzymes trypsin, which were used in its first isolation from casein proteins. It was assigned the one-letter symbol W based on the double ring being visually suggestive to the bulky letter. Function ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecular formula , which is often abbreviated as Glc. It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. It is used by plants to make cellulose, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world, for use in cell walls, and by all living Organism, organisms to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used by the cell as energy. In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as amylose and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form is -glucose, while its Stereoisomerism, stereoisomer L-glucose, -glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is less biologicall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indoxyl
In organic chemistry, indoxyl is a nitrogenous substance with the chemical formula: C8H7NO. Indoxyl is isomeric with oxindol and is obtained as an oily liquid. Preparation The Heumann indigo synthesis starts from anthranilic acid: : In nature indoxyl is derived from indican, which is a glycoside. The hydrolysis of indican yields β-D-glucose and indoxyl. Indigo dye is a product of the mild oxidation of indoxyl. Indoxyl can be found in urine and is titrated with Obermayer's reagent, which is a dilute solution of ferric chloride (FeCl3) in hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungency, pungent smell. It is classified as a acid strength, strong acid. It is ... (HCl). References Indoles Enols {{heterocyclic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fermentation
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic metabolism which harnesses the redox potential of the reactants to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and organic end products. Organic molecules, such as glucose or other sugars, are catabolized and reduced by donating their electrons to other organic molecules (cofactors, coenzymes, etc.). Fermentation is important in several areas of human society. Humans have used fermentation in the production and preservation of food for 13,000 years. It has been associated with health benefits, unique flavor profiles, and making products have better texture. Humans and their livestock also benefit from fermentation from the microbes in the gut that release end products that are subsequently used by the host for energy. Perhaps the most commonly known use for fermentation is at an industrial level to produce commodity chemicals, such as ethanol and lactate. Ethanol is used in a variety of alcoholic beverages (beers, wine, and spirits) while lactate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indigofera Arrecta
''Indigofera arrecta'', variously called the Bengal, Java, or Natal indigo, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to SubSaharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Madagascar, and has been introduced to the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, some of the islands of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Queensland in Australia. Today it is occasionally used as a green manure, but historically was a major source of Indigo dye Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive indigo, blue color. Indigo is a natural dye obtained from the leaves of some plants of the Indigofera#Uses, ''Indigofera'' genus, in particular ''Indigofera tinctoria''. Dye-bearing ''Indigofer ..., with under cultivation in India in 1896, declining to a few thousand hectares 60 years later. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q15431807 arrecta Flora of West Tropical Africa Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa Flora of East Tropical Africa F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
