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Incandescent Lighting
An incandescent light bulb, also known as an incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe, is an electric light that produces illumination by Joule heating a filament until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb that is either evacuated or filled with inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. Electric current is supplied to the filament by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket provides mechanical support and electrical connections. Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting. Incandescent bulbs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luminous Efficacy
Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens per watt in the International System of Units (SI). Depending on context, the power can be either the radiant flux of the source's output, or it can be the total power (electric power, chemical energy, or others) consumed by the source. Which sense of the term is intended must usually be inferred from the context, and is sometimes unclear. The former sense is sometimes called luminous efficacy of radiation,International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): ''International Electrotechnical Vocabulary''ref. 845-21-090, Luminous efficacy of radiation (for a specified photometric condition)/ref> and the latter luminous efficacy of a light sourceInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): ''International Electrotechnical Vocabulary''ref. 845-21-089, Luminous efficacy (of a light source)/ref> or overall luminous efficacy. Not all wavelength ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High-intensity Discharge Lamp
High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. This tube is filled with noble gas and often also contains suitable metal or metal salts. The noble gas enables the arc's initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates the metallic admixture. Its presence in the arc plasma greatly increases the intensity of visible light produced by the arc for a given power input, as the metals have many emission spectral lines in the visible part of the spectrum. High-intensity discharge lamps are a type of arc lamp. Brand new high-intensity discharge lamps make more visible light per unit of electric power consumed than fluorescent and incandescent lamps, since a greater proportion of their radiation is visible light in contrast to infrared. However, the lumen output of HID ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluorescent Lamp
A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, to produce ultraviolet and make a phosphor coating in the lamp glow. Fluorescent lamps convert electrical energy into visible light much more efficiently than Incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamps, but are less efficient than most LED lamps. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lamps is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output (e.g. the luminous efficacy of an incandescent lamp may only be 16 lm/W). Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps because, among other things, they require a electrical ballast, ballast to regulate Electric current, current through the lamp, but the initial cost is offset by a much lower running cost. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) made in the same sizes a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infrared Heater
An infrared heater or heat lamp is a heating appliance containing a high-temperature emitter that transfers energy to a cooler object through electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the temperature of the emitter, the wavelength of the peak of the infrared radiation ranges from to 1 mm. No contact or medium between the emitter and cool object is needed for the energy transfer. Infrared heaters can be operated in vacuum or atmosphere. One classification of infrared heaters is by the wavelength bands of infrared emission. * Short wave or near infrared for the range from to ; these emitters are also named "bright" because still some visible light is emitted; * Medium infrared for the range between and ; * Far infrared or dark emitters for everything above . History German-British astronomer William Herschel, Sir William Herschel is credited with the discovery of infrared in 1800. He made an instrument called a spectrometer to measure the magnitude of radiant power at differ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Easy-Bake Oven
The Easy-Bake Oven is a working toy oven introduced in 1963 and manufactured by Kenner and later by Hasbro. The original toy used a pair of ordinary incandescent light bulbs as a heat source; current versions use a true heating element. Kenner sold 500,000 Easy-Bake Ovens in the first year of production. By 1997, more than 16 million Easy-Bake Ovens had been sold. The oven comes with packets of cake mix and small round pans. Additional mixes can be purchased separately. After water is added to the mix in the pan, it is pushed into the oven through a slot. After cooking, the cake is pushed out through a slot in the other end. History Background Miniature stoves and ovens had existed in the late 19th to early 20th century, with many being copies of full-size stoves. To appeal to girls, toy train-maker Lionel Corporation released a toy stove with two electric burners and a working oven in 1930. During the 1950s, various toy ovens with fiberglass insulation were marketed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edison Effect
Thermionic emission is the liberation of charged particles from a hot electrode whose thermal energy gives some particles enough kinetic energy to escape the material's surface. The particles, sometimes called ''thermions'' in early literature, are now known to be ions or electrons. Thermal electron emission specifically refers to emission of electrons and occurs when thermal energy overcomes the material's work function. After emission, an opposite charge of equal magnitude to the emitted charge is initially left behind in the emitting region. But if the emitter is connected to a battery, that remaining charge is neutralized by charge supplied by the battery as particles are emitted, so the emitter will have the same charge it had before emission. This facilitates additional emission to sustain an electric current. Thomas Edison in 1880 while inventing his light bulb noticed this current, so subsequent scientists referred to the current as the Edison effect, though it wasn't un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lava Lamp
A lava lamp is a decorative lamp that was invented in 1963 by British entrepreneur Edward Craven Walker, the founder of the lighting company Mathmos. It consists of a bolus of a special coloured wax mixture inside a glass vessel, the remainder of which contains clear or translucent liquid. The vessel is placed on a base containing an incandescent light bulb whose heat causes temporary reductions in the wax's density and the liquid's surface tension. As the warmed wax rises through the liquid, it cools, loses its buoyancy, and falls back to the bottom of the vessel in a cycle that is visually suggestive of pāhoehoe lava, hence the name. The lamps are designed in a variety of styles and colours. Lava lamps can be associated with hippie and cannabis cultures. Operation A classic lava lamp contains a standard incandescent or halogen lamp which heats a tall (often tapered) glass bottle. A formula from a 1968 US patent consisted of water and a transparent, translucent, or op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incubator (egg)
An incubator is a device simulating avian incubation by keeping egg (biology), eggs warm at a particular temperature range and in the correct humidity with a turning mechanism to hatch them. The common names of the incubator in other terms include ''breeding / hatching machines'' or ''hatchers'', ''setters'', and ''egg breeding / equipment''. History The Egyptians had a method of incubating in 400 BC, using a Egyptian egg oven, cylindrical building or oven that had a fire at the bottom. The eggs that were incubating were placed on an inverted cone that was partially covered in ash. The eggs were placed in a woven basket that sat on top of the ashes. The building also had a roof that allowed smoke to escape, but it kept the rain out. Egyptian egg ovens are typically brick structures in a pyramidal shape, with two internal chambers. file:Method for incubation of poultry eggs Wellcome L0072129.jpg, left, Réaumur's incubator Controlled scientific incubation required the accur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heat Lamp
An infrared heater or heat lamp is a heating appliance containing a high-temperature emitter that transfers energy to a cooler object through electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the temperature of the emitter, the wavelength of the peak of the infrared radiation ranges from to 1 mm. No contact or medium between the emitter and cool object is needed for the energy transfer. Infrared heaters can be operated in vacuum or atmosphere. One classification of infrared heaters is by the wavelength bands of infrared emission. * Short wave or near infrared for the range from to ; these emitters are also named "bright" because still some visible light is emitted; * Medium infrared for the range between and ; * Far infrared or dark emitters for everything above . History German-British astronomer Sir William Herschel is credited with the discovery of infrared in 1800. He made an instrument called a spectrometer to measure the magnitude of radiant power at different wavelengths. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angewandte Chemie
''Angewandte Chemie'' (, meaning "Applied Chemistry") is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker). Publishing formats include feature-length reviews, short highlights, research communications, minireviews, essays, book reviews, meeting reviews, correspondences, corrections, and obituaries. This journal contains review articles covering all aspects of chemistry. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal had a 2023 impact factor of 16.1. Editions The journal appears in two editions with separate volume and page numbering: a German edition, ''Angewandte Chemie'', and a fully English-language edition, ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. The editions are identical in content with the exception of occasional reviews of German-language books or German translations of IUPAC recommendations. Publication history In 1887, Ferdinand Fischer established the '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vincenzo Balzani
Vincenzo Balzani (born 15 November 1936 in Forlimpopoli, Italy) is an Italian chemist, now emeritus professor at the University of Bologna. Career He has spent most of his professional life at the "Giacomo Ciamician" Department of Chemistry of the University of Bologna, becoming full professor in 1973. He has been appointed emeritus professor on November 1, 2010. Teaching activity He taught courses on General and Inorganic Chemistry, Photochemistry, Supramolecular chemistry. He was chairman of the PhD course on Chemical Sciences from 2002 to 2007 and of the "laurea specialistica" in Photochemistry and Material Chemistry from 2004 to 2007. In the Academic Year 2008–2009, he founded at the University of Bologna an interdisciplinary course on Science and Society. Scientific activity He has carried out an intense scientific activity in the fields of photochemistry, photophysics, electron transfer reactions, supramolecular chemistry, nanotechnology, machines and devices at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
