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Débridement
Debridement is the medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue (biology), tissue to improve the healing potential of the remaining healthy tissue. Removal may be surgery, surgical, mechanical, chemical, Autolysis (biology), autolytic (self-digestion), or by maggot therapy. In podiatry, practitioners such as chiropodists, podiatrists and foot health practitioners remove conditions such as calluses and verrucas. Debridement is an important part of the healing process for burns and other serious wounds; it is also used for treating some kinds of snake and spider bites. Sometimes the boundaries of the problem tissue may not be clearly defined. For example, when excising a tumor, there may be micrometastasis, micrometastases along the edges of the tumor that are too small to be detected, but if not removed, could cause a relapse. In such circumstances, a surgeon may opt to debride a portion of the surrounding healthy tissue to ensure that the tumor is completely removed. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Necrosis
Necrosis () is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern pathology. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, ''apoptosis'' is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal. Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space. This initiates an inflammatory response in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eschar
Eschar (; ; ; or ''an'' eschar) is a slough or piece of necrosis, dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a Burn, burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, Ulcer (dermatology), ulcer, mycosis, fungal infections, Loxoscelism, necrotizing spider bite wounds, tick bites associated with spotted fevers and exposure to cutaneous anthrax. The term ‘eschar’ is not interchangeable with ‘scab’. An eschar contains necrotic tissue whereas a scab is composed of dried blood and exudate. Black eschars are most frequently attributed in medicine to cutaneous anthrax (infection by ''Bacillus anthracis''), which may be contracted through herd animal exposure and also from ''Pasteurella multocida'' exposure in cats and rabbits. A newly identified human rickettsial infection, ''R. parkeri'' rickettsiosis, can be differentiated from Rocky Mountain spotted fever by the presence of an eschar at the site of inoculation. Eschar is sometimes called a ''black w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ABIM Foundation
Choosing Wisely is a United States–based health educational campaign, led by the ABIM Foundation ( American Board of Internal Medicine), about unnecessary health care. The campaign identifies over 500 tests and procedures and encourages doctors and patients to discuss, research, and possibly get second opinions, before proceeding with them. To conduct the campaign, the ABIM Foundation asks medical specialty societies to make five to ten recommendations for preventing overuse of a treatment in their field. The foundation then publicizes this information, and the medical specialty societies disseminate it to their members. The campaign has garnered both praise and criticism, and some of its ideas have spread to other countries. It does not include evaluation of its effects on costs, on discussions or on medical outcomes. Some doctors have said they lack time for the recommended discussions. History In 2002 the ABIM Foundation published ''Medical professionalism in the new mill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy, formerly called hydropathy and also called water cure, is a branch of alternative medicine (particularly naturopathy), occupational therapy, and Physical therapy, physiotherapy, that involves the use of water for pain relief and treatment. The term encompasses a broad range of approaches and therapeutic methods that take advantage of the physical properties of water, such as temperature and pressure, to stimulate blood circulation and treat the symptoms of certain diseases. Various therapies used in the present-day hydrotherapy employ water jets, underwater massage and Mineral spa, mineral baths (e.g. balneotherapy, Iodine-Grine therapy, Sebastian Kneipp, Kneipp treatments, Scotch hose, Swiss shower, thalassotherapy) or Bathtub#Whirlpool tubs, whirlpool bath, Thermae, hot Roman bath, hot tub, Jacuzzi, and cold plunge. Hydrotherapy lacks robust evidence supporting its efficacy beyond placebo effects. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials have constite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function. Tissues occupy a Biological organisation#Levels, biological organizational level between cell (biology), cells and a complete organ (biology), organ. Accordingly, organs are formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The English word "tissue" Morphological derivation, derives from the French word "", the past participle of the verb tisser, "to weave". The study of tissues is known as histology or, in connection with disease, as histopathology. Xavier Bichat is considered as the "Father of Histology". Plant histology is Studied Space Shuttle designs, studied in both plant anatomy and Plant physiology, physiology. The classical tools for studying tissues are the Microtome#Applications, paraffin block in which tissue is embedded and then sectioned, the staining, histological stain, and the Microscope, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical Journal Armed Forces India
''Medical Journal Armed Forces India'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all disciplines of medical science. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Armed Forces Medical Services of India and the editor-in-chief is Col Vivek Aggarwal. The journal was established in 1945 as ''Journal of Indian Army Medical Corps'', obtaining its current name in 1974. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Embase, and Scopus Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database, launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science in 2004. The ensuing competition between the two databases has been characterized as "intense" and is c .... References External links *{{Official website, http://afmc.nic.in/Departments/MJAFI/homepage.html General medical journals Quarterly journals Indian Army Academic journals established in 1945 English-language journals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromelain
Bromelain is an enzyme extract derived from the plant stem, stems of pineapples, although it exists in all parts of the fresh plant and fruit. The extract has a history of folk medicine use. As a culinary ingredient, it may be used as a Meat tenderness#Tenderizing, meat tenderizer. The term "bromelain" may refer to either of two protease enzymes extracted from the plants of the family Bromeliaceae, or it may refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract. Although tested in a variety of folk medicine and research models for its possible efficacy against diseases, the only approved clinical significance, clinical application for bromelain was issued in 2012 by the European Medicines Agency for a topical medication called ''NexoBrid'' used to remove dead tissue in severe skin burns. There is no other established application for bromelain as a nutraceutical or drug. Extract components Bromelain extract is a mixture of protein-digesting (pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papain
Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease () enzyme present in papaya (''Carica papaya'') and mountain papaya (''Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis''). It is the namesake member of the papain-like protease family. It has wide ranging commercial applications in the leather, cosmetic, textiles, detergents, food and pharmaceutical industries. In the food industry, papain is used as an active ingredient in many commercial meat tenderizers. Papain family Papain belongs to a family of related proteins, known as the papain-like protease family, with a wide variety of activities, including endopeptidases, aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidases and enzymes with both exo- and endopeptidase activity. Members of the papain family are widespread, found in baculoviruses, eubacteria, yeast, and practically all protozoa, plants and mammals. The proteins are typically lysosomal or secreted, and proteolytic cleavage of the propeptide is required for enzyme activation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varidase
Streptokinase is a thrombolytic medication activating plasminogen by nonenzymatic mechanism. As a medication it is used to break down clots in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, and arterial thromboembolism. The type of heart attack it is used in is an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). It is given by injection into a vein. Side effects include nausea, bleeding, low blood pressure, and allergic reactions. A second use in a person's lifetime is not recommended. While no harm has been found with use in pregnancy, it has not been well studied in this group. Streptokinase is in the antithrombotic family of medications and works by turning on the fibrinolytic system. Streptokinase was discovered in 1933 from beta-hemolytic streptococci. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is no longer commercially available in the United States. Medical uses If percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collagenase
Collagenases are enzymes that break the peptide bonds in collagen. They assist in destroying extracellular structures in the pathogenesis of bacteria such as ''Clostridium''. They are considered a virulence factor, facilitating the spread of gas gangrene. They normally target the connective tissue in muscle cells and other body organs. Collagen, a key component of the animal extracellular matrix, is made through cleavage of pro-collagen by collagenase once it has been secreted from the cell. This stops large structures from forming inside the cell itself. In addition to being produced by some bacteria, collagenase can be made by the body as part of its normal immune response. This production is induced by cytokines, which stimulate cells such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and can cause indirect tissue damage. Therapeutic uses Collagenases have been approved for medical uses for: * treatment of Dupuytren's contracture and Peyronie's disease ( Xiaflex). * wound healing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Histolyticum
''Hathewaya histolytica'' (formerly ''Clostridium histolyticum'') is a species of bacteria found in feces and the soil. It is a motile, gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobe. ''H. histolytica'' is pathogenic in many species, including guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, and humans. ''H. histolytica'' has been shown to cause gas gangrene, often in association with other bacteria species. History In 1916, and Pierre Séguin isolated this bacterium from patients with gas gangrene and called it ''Bacillus histolyticus''. They discovered this bacterium was pathogenic for guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, but less so for rats. Intramuscular injection of culture caused extensive local tissue destruction, extrusion of a hemorrhagic muscle pulp, splitting of the skin, denudation of the bone, and sometimes autoamputation. In 1922, Heller renamed the bacterium ''Weinbergillus histolyticus'', and a year later Bergey, Harrison, et al. reclassified it as ''Clostridium histolyticum''.In 2016, Lawson ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrogels
A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous and permeable solids and at least 10% of water or other interstitial fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels have several applications, especially in the biomedical area, such as in hydrogel dressing. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are derived from natural materials. The term "hydrogel" was coined in 1894. Chemistry Classification The crosslinks which bond the polymers of a hydrogel fall under two general categories: physical hydrogels and chemical hydrogels. Chemical hydrogels have covalent cross-linking bonds, whereas physical hydrogels have non-covalent bonds. Chemical hydrogels can result in strong reversible or irreversible gels due to the covalent bonding. Chemical hydrogels that contain reversible covalent cross-linking bonds, such as hydrogels of thiomers being cross-linked via disulf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
