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Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase
3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17) are a family of phosphodiesterases. Generally, these enzymes hydrolyze a nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate to a nucleoside 5′-phosphate: :nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5′-phosphate They thus control the cellular levels of the cyclic second messengers and the rates of their degradation. Some examples of nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate include: * 3′,5′-cyclic AMP *3′,5′-cyclic dAMP *3′,5′-cyclic IMP * 3′,5′-cyclic GMP *3′,5′-cyclic CMP There are 11 distinct phosphodiesterase families (PDE1–PDE11) with a variety in isoforms and splicing having unique three-dimensional structure, kinetic properties, modes of regulation, intracellular localization, cellular expression, and inhibitor sensitivities. Nomenclature The systematic name for this enzyme is 3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase. Other names in use include cyclic 3′,5′-mononucleoti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Family
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins. In many cases, a protein family has a corresponding gene family, in which each gene encodes a corresponding protein with a 1:1 relationship. The term "protein family" should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy. Proteins in a family descend from a common ancestor and typically have similar three-dimensional structures, functions, and significant sequence similarity. The most important of these is sequence similarity (usually amino-acid sequence), since it is the strictest indicator of homology and therefore the clearest indicator of common ancestry. A fairly well developed framework exists for evaluating the significance of similarity between a group of sequences using sequence alignment methods. Proteins that do not share a common ancestor are very unlikely to show statistically significant sequence similarity, making sequence alignment a powerful tool for identifying the members of protein famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE10A2
Phosphodiesterase 1, PDE1, EC 3.1.4.1, systematic name oligonucleotide 5′-nucleotidohydrolase) is a phosphodiesterase enzyme also known as calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase. It is one of the 11 families of phosphodiesterase (PDE1-PDE11). Phosphodiesterase 1 has three subtypes, PDE1A, PDE1B and PDE1C which divide further into various isoforms. The various isoforms exhibit different affinities for cAMP and cGMP. Discovery The existence of the Ca2+-stimulated Phosphodiesterase 1 was first demonstrated by Cheung (1970), Kakiuchi and Yamazaki (1970) as a result of their research on bovine brain and rat brain respectively. It has since been found to be widely distributed in various mammalian tissues as well as in other eukaryotes. It is now one of the most intensively studied member of the PDE superfamily of enzymes, which today represents 11 gene families, and the best characterized one as well. Further research in the field along with increased availability ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE10A
cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 10A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE10A'' gene. Various cellular responses are regulated by the second messengers cAMP and cGMP. Phosphodiesterases, such as PDE10A, eliminate cAMP- and cGMP-mediated intracellular signaling by hydrolyzing the cyclic nucleotide to the corresponding nucleoside 5-prime monophosphate. Inhibitors * Compound 96: IC50 = 700 pM, high selectivity against all other members of the PDE family * Papaverine Papaverine (Latin '' papaver'', "poppy") is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasms and vasospasms (especially those involving the intestines, heart, or brain), occasionally in the treatment of e ... * PF-2545920 * TAK-063: IC50 = 300 pM * AMG 579 Research Preliminary evidence indicates a possible link between PDE10A expression and obesity in mice and humans. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE9A
High affinity cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE9A'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b .... The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP to their corresponding monophosphates. The encoded protein plays a role in signal transduction by regulating the intracellular concentration of these cyclic nucleotides. Multiple transcript variants encoding several different isoforms have been found for this gene. Inhibitors * BAY 73-6691 * PF-04447943 References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-21-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE8B
High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE8B'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * {{gene-5-stub PAS-domain-containing proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE8A
High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE8A'' gene. Work by Sebastiaan Bol et al. showed that 5 different transcript variants and their corresponding isoforms are expressed in human macrophages, and suggests that this protein may be required by HIV-1 The subtypes of HIV include two major types, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). HIV-1 is related to viruses found in chimpanzees and gorillas living in western Africa, while HIV-2 viruses are related to viruses found in the sooty mangabey ... for its replication. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * {{gene-15-stub PAS-domain-containing proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE7B
PDE7B is a mammalian gene that encodes a 3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) that converts 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to 5'AMP as part of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways.Sasaki, T., Kotera, J., Yuasa, K., and Omori, K. (2000). Identification of human PDE7B, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 271, 575-583. There are 21 PDE genes in mammals that are pharmacologically-grouped into 11 families based on their biochemical characteristics and sequence conservation. The PDE7 family is composed of PDEs encoded by two genes, PDE7A and PDE7B. These PDEs are highly specific for cAMP Camp may refer to: Outdoor accommodation and recreation * Campsite or campground, a recreational outdoor sleeping and eating site * a temporary settlement for nomads * Camp, a term used in New England, Northern Ontario and New Brunswick to descri ... relative to cGMP. References {{Reflist Enzymes Molecular biology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE7A
High affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE7A'' gene. Mammals possess 21 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) genes that are pharmacologically grouped into 11 families. PDE7A is one of two genes in the PDE7 family, the other being PDE7B. The PDE7 family, along with the PDE4 and PDE8 families, are cAMP Camp may refer to: Outdoor accommodation and recreation * Campsite or campground, a recreational outdoor sleeping and eating site * a temporary settlement for nomads * Camp, a term used in New England, Northern Ontario and New Brunswick to descri ...-specific, showing little to no activity against 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP). References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-8-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE6C
Cone cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE6C'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * {{refend External links GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Achromatopsia OMIM entries on Achromatopsia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE6B
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta is the beta subunit of the protein complex PDE6 that is encoded by the ''PDE6B'' gene. PDE6 is crucial in transmission and amplification of visual signal. The existence of this beta subunit is essential for normal PDE6 functioning. Mutations in this subunit are responsible for retinal degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa or congenital stationary night blindness. Structure PDE6 is a protein complex located on the photoreceptor's outer segment, and plays an important role in the phototransduction cascade. There are two types of photoreceptors: cones and rods. The rod and cone PDE6 complexes have different structures. PDE6β together with PDE6α and two identical inhibitory subunits, PDE6γ, form the rod PDE6 holoenzyme while the cone PDE6 complex only consists of two identical PDE6α' catalytic subunits. PDE6β, one of the catalytic units in rod PDE6, is composed of three domains: two N-terminal GAF domains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDE6A
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PDE6A'' gene. PDE6A encodes the cyclic-GMP ( cGMP) specific phosphodiesterase 6A alpha subunit, expressed in cells of the retinal rod outer segment. The phosphodiesterase 6 holoenzyme is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha, beta, and two gamma subunits.cGMP is an important regulator of rod cell membrane current, and its dynamic concentration is established by phosphodiesterase 6A cGMP hydrolysis and gunylate cyclase cGMP synthesis. Mutations in PDE6A have been identified as one cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision. Symptoms include trouble seeing at night and decreasing peripheral vision (side and upper or lower visual field). As peripheral vision worsens, people may .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * External links GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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