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Calmodulin-dependent Kinase
CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes. CAMKs are activated by increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and calmodulin. When activated, the enzymes transfer phosphates from ATP to defined serine or threonine residues in other proteins, so they are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Activated CAMK is involved in the phosphorylation of transcription factors and therefore, in the regulation of expression of responding genes. CAMK also works to regulate the cell life cycle (i.e. programmed cell death), rearrangement of the cell's cytoskeletal network, and mechanisms involved in the learning and memory of an organism. Types There are 2 common types of CAM Kinase proteins: specialized and multi-functional CAM kinases. ;Substrate-specific CAM Kinases: only have one target that they can phosphorylate, such as myosin light chain kinases. This group of proteins includes C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calmodulin
Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and the binding of Ca2+ is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca2+, calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signal transduction pathway by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as kinases or phosphatases. Structure Calmodulin is a small, highly conserved protein that is 148 amino acids long (16.7 kDa). The protein has two approximately symmetrical globular domains (the N- and C- domains) each containing a pair of EF hand motifs separated by a flexible linker region for a total of four Ca2+ binding sites, two in each globular domain. In the Ca2+-free state, the helices that form the four EF-hands are collapsed in a compact orientation, and the central linker is disordered; in the Ca2+-saturated state, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMK1G (gene)
Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IG is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAMK1G gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba .... Function This gene encodes a protein similar to calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase, however, its exact function is not known. rovided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 References Further reading * * * * * {{NLM content ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TRIB2
Tribbles homolog 2 is an atypical protein kinase that is encoded in human by the ''TRIB2'' gene. TRIB2 is a pseudokinase member of the (pseudoenzyme) class of signaling/scaffold proteins, possessing little vestigial catalytic output in vitro. It is known to signal to canonical MAPK pathways and to regulate the ubiquitination of substrates with important functions in the immune system. It has also been associated with various diseases, especially in vertebrate leukaemia models. Like TRIB1 and TRIB3 Tribbles homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRIB3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a putative protein kinase that is induced by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. It is a pseudoenzyme that is though ..., TRIB2 has recently been considered as a potential allosteric drug target, and is a putative regulator of cancer-associated signalling and survival through AKT pSer473 modulation References Further reading * * * * * * * EC 2.7.11 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TRIB1
Tribbles homolog 1 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''TRIB1'' gene. Orthologs of this protein pseudokinase (pseudoenzyme) can be found almost ubiquitously throughout the animal kingdom. It exerts its biological functions through binding to signalling proteins of the MAPKK level of the MAPK pathway, therefore eliciting a regulatory role in the function of this pathway which mediates proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in cells. Tribbles-1 is encoded by the trib1 gene, which in humans can be found on chromosome 8 at position 24.13 on the longest arm (q). Recent crystal structures show that Tribbles 1 has an unusual 3D structure, containing a 'broken' C-helix region, a binding site for ubiquitinated substrates such as C/EBPalpha and a key regulatory C-tail region. Like TRIB2 and TRIB3, TRIB1 has recently been considered as a potential allosteric drug target. Function Tribbles-1 is one of three members of the Tribbles subfamily, which is a part of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoenzyme
Pseudoenzymes are variants of enzymes (usually proteins) that are catalytically-deficient (usually inactive), meaning that they perform little or no enzyme catalysis. They are believed to be represented in all major enzyme families in the kingdoms of life, where they have important signaling and metabolic functions, many of which are only now coming to light. Pseudoenzymes are becoming increasingly important to analyse, especially as the bioinformatic analysis of genomes reveals their ubiquity. Their important regulatory and sometimes disease-associated functions in metabolic and signalling pathways are also shedding new light on the non-catalytic functions of active enzymes, of moonlighting proteins, the re-purposing of proteins in distinct cellular roles (Protein moonlighting). They are also suggesting new ways to target and interpret cellular signalling mechanisms using small molecules and drugs. The most intensively analyzed, and certainly the best understood pseudoenzymes in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudokinase
Pseudokinases are catalytically-deficient pseudoenzyme variants of protein kinases that are represented in all kinomes across the kingdoms of life. Pseudokinases have both physiological (signal transduction) and pathophysiological functions. History The phrase pseudokinase was first coined in 2002. They were subsequently sub-classified into different 'classes'. Several pseudokinase-containing families are found in the human kinome, including the Tribbles pseudokinases, which are at the interface between kinase and ubiquitin E3 ligase signalling. The human pseudokinases (and their pseudophosphatase cousins) are implicated in a wide variety of diseases, which has made them potential drug targets and antitargets). Pseudokinases are made up of an evolutionary mixture of eukaryotic protein kinase (ePK) and non ePK-related pseudoenzyme proteins (e.g., FAM20A, which binds ATP and is pseudokinase due to a conserved glutamate to glutamine swap in the alpha-C helix. FAM20A is implicate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKK2
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMKK2'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family, and to the Ca++/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. This protein plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade by phosphorylating the downstream kinases CaMK1 and CaMK4, which increases their catalytic activity. CaMK1 and CaMK4 are phosphorylated at the Thr 177 and Thr 196 resides respectively. CaMKK2 regulates production of the appetite stimulating hormone neuropeptide Y and functions as an AMPK kinase in the hypothalamus. It also has an important role in the development of hyperalgesia and tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs, through reduction in downstream signalling pathways and mu opioid receptor downregulation. Inhibition of CaMKK2 in mice reduces appetite and promotes weight loss. CaMKK2 has several functions in different b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKK1
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMKK1'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK) subfamily. This protein plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade. Three transcript variants encoding two distinct isoforms A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some iso ... have been identified for this gene. References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-17-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIV
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK4'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid residues serine or threonine, which have similar side chains. At least 350 of the 500+ human prote ... cluster, and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK) group. This enzyme is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with limited tissue distribution, that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes, neurons, and male germ cells. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * EC 2.7.11 {{gene-5-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIIγ
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II gamma chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2G'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a gamma chain. Six alternatively spliced variants that encode six different isoforms have been characterized to date. Additional alternative splice variants that encode different isoforms have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined. Interactions CAMK2G has been shown to interact with RRAD. See also * Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIIδ
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2D'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a delta chain. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode three different isoforms A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isof ... have been characterized to date. Distinct isoforms of this chain have different expression patterns. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIIβ
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II beta chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2B'' gene. Function The enzyme belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signalling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a beta chain. It is possible that distinct isoforms of this chain have different cellular localizations and interact differently with calmodulin. Eight transcript variants encoding eight distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Interactions CAMK2B has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
