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Customer Edge
The customer edge (CE) router generally refers to the router at the customer premises that is interconnected with the provider edge (PE) router of a service provider's IP/MPLS network. The CE router may peer with the PE router and exchanges routes with the corresponding VRF inside the PE for L3VPN services, or it may be connected to utilise L2VPN service provided by the provider. The routing protocol used could be static or dynamic (an interior gateway protocol like OSPF or an exterior gateway protocol like BGP). The customer edge router can either be owned by the customer or service provider. Residential broadband In the case of residential broadband internet services, the service provider or ISP, will often use MPLS internally to transport the broadband customer's layer 2 traffic over the MPLS core, back to their BNGs. In this case, the customer's router can be referred to as a ''customer premises equipment'' (''CPE'') ''device'', where CPE is typically a layer 3 rout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provider Edge Router
A provider edge router (PE router) is a router between one network service provider's area and areas administered by other network providers. A network provider is usually an Internet service provider as well (or only that). The term ''PE router'' covers equipment capable of a broad range of routing protocols, notably: *Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) (PE to PE or PE to CE communication) *Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) (PE to CE router communication) *Multiprotocol Label Switching Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a routing technique in telecommunications networks that directs data from one node to the next based on labels rather than network addresses. Whereas network addresses identify endpoints, the labels iden ... (MPLS) (CE to PE ( ingress eLSR) or PE to CE ( egress eLSR), also PE to P (and visa versa)) PE routers do not need to be aware of what kind of traffic is coming from the provider's network, as opposed to a P router that functions as a transit withi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet. IP has the task of delivering Packet (information technology), packets from the source Host (network), host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet Header (computing), headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulation (networking), encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information. IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original ''Transmission Control Program'' introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a routing technique in telecommunications networks that directs data from one node to the next based on labels rather than network addresses. Whereas network addresses identify endpoints, the labels identify established paths between endpoints. MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols, hence the ''multiprotocol'' component of the name. MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1/ E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL. Role and functioning In an MPLS network, labels are assigned to data packets. Packet-forwarding decisions are made solely on the contents of this label, without the need to examine the packet itself. This allows one to create end-to-end circuits across any type of transport medium, using any protocol. The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer (layer 2) technology, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IETF
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards organization for the Internet standard, Internet and is responsible for the technical standards that make up the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors. The IETF was initially supported by the federal government of the United States but since 1993 has operated under the auspices of the Internet Society, a non-profit organization with local chapters around the world. Organization There is no membership in the IETF. Anyone can participate by signing up to a working group mailing list, or registering for an IETF meeting. The IETF operates in a bottom-up task creation mode, largely driven by working groups. Each working group normally has appointed two co-chairs (occasionally three); a charter that describes its focus; and what it is expected to produce, and when. It is open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virtual Routing And Forwarding
In IP-based computer networks, virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) is a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to co-exist within the same router at the same time. One or more logical or physical interfaces may have a VRF and these VRFs do not share routes. Therefore, the packets are only forwarded between interfaces on the same VRF. VRFs are the TCP/IP layer 3 equivalent of a VLAN. Because the routing instances are independent, the same or overlapping IP addresses can be used without conflicting with each other. Network functionality is improved because network paths can be segmented without requiring multiple routers. Simple implementation The simplest form of VRF implementation is VRF-Lite. In this implementation, each router within the network participates in the virtual routing environment in a peer-based fashion. While simple to deploy and appropriate for small to medium enterprises and shared data centers, VRF Lite does not scale to the size req ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MPLS VPN
{{MPLS diagram MPLS VPN is a family of methods for using Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) to create virtual private networks (VPNs). MPLS VPN is a flexible method to transport and route several types of network traffic using an MPLS backbone. There are three types of MPLS VPNs deployed in networks today: 1. Point-to-point ( Pseudowire) 2. Layer 2 (VPLS) 3. Layer 3 (VPRN) Point-to-point (pseudowire) Point-to-point MPLS VPNs employ VLL ( virtual leased lines) for providing Layer 2 point-to-point connectivity between two sites. Ethernet, TDM, and ATM frames can be encapsulated within these VLLs. Some examples of how point-to-point VPNs might be used by utilities include: * encapsulating TDM T1 circuits attached to Remote Terminal Units * forwarding non-routed DNP3 traffic across the backbone network to the SCADA master controller. Layer 2 VPN (VPLS) Layer 2 MPLS VPNs, or VPLS (virtual private LAN service), offers a “switch in the cloud” style service. VPLS provi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Layer 2 MPLS VPN
A Layer 2 MPLS VPN is a term in computer networking. It is a method that Internet service providers use to segregate their network for their customers, to allow them to transmit data over an IP network. This is often sold as a service to businesses. Layer 2 VPNs are a type of Virtual Private Network (VPN) that uses MPLS labels to transport data. The communication occurs between routers that are known as Provider Edge routers (PE routers), as they sit on the edge of the provider's network, next to the customer's network. Internet providers who have an existing Layer 2 network (such as ATM or Frame Relay) may choose to use these VPNs instead of the other common MPLS VPN, Layer 3. There is no one IETF standard for Layer 2 MPLS VPNs. Instead, two methodologies may be used. Both methods use a standard MPLS header to encapsulate data. However, they differ in their signaling protocols. Types of Layer 2 MPLS VPNs BGP-based The BGP-based type is based on the informational RFC 662 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interior Gateway Protocol
An interior gateway protocol (IGP) or interior routing protocol is a type of routing protocol used for exchanging routing table information between gateways (commonly routers) ''within'' an autonomous system (for example, a system of corporate local area networks). This routing information can then be used to route network-layer protocols like IP. Interior gateway protocols can be divided into two categories: distance-vector routing protocols and link-state routing protocols. Specific examples of IGPs include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). By contrast, exterior gateway protocols are used to exchange routing information ''between'' autonomous systems and rely on IGPs to resolve routes within an autonomous system. Examples Examples of distance-vector routing protocols: * Routing Information Protocol (RIP) * Routing Information ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs), operating within a single autonomous system (AS). OSPF gathers link state information from available routers and constructs a topology map of the network. The topology is presented as a routing table to the internet layer for routing packets by their destination IP address. OSPF supports Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) networks and is widely used in large enterprise networks. IS-IS, another LSR-based protocol, is more common in large service provider networks. Originally designed in the 1980s, OSPF version 2 is defined in RFC 2328 (1998). The updates for IPv6 are specified as OSPF version 3 in RFC 5340 (2008). OSPF supports the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing model. Concepts OSPF is an interior gateway protocol (IGP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broadband Remote Access Server
A broadband remote access server (BRAS, B-RAS or BBRAS) routes traffic to and from broadband remote access devices such as digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM) on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network. BRAS can also be referred to as a broadband network gateway or border network gateway (BNG).{{cite web, title=TR-101 Migration to Ethernet-Based DSL Aggregation, url=https://www.broadband-forum.org/technical/download/TR-101_Issue-2.pdf, website=Broadband Forum, accessdate=12 April 2018 The BRAS sits at the edge of an ISP's core network, and aggregates user sessions from the access network. It is at the BRAS that an ISP can inject policy management and IP quality of service (QoS). The specific tasks include: * Aggregates the circuits from one or more link access devices such as DSLAMs * Provides layer 2 connectivity through either transparent bridging or PPP sessions over Ethernet or ATM sessions * Enforces QoS policies * Provides layer 3 connectivity and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Customer Premises Equipment
In telecommunications, a customer-premises equipment or customer-provided equipment (CPE) is any terminal and associated equipment located at a subscriber's premises and connected with a carrier's telecommunication circuit at the demarcation point ("demarc"). The demarc is a point established in a building or complex to separate customer equipment from the equipment located in either the distribution infrastructure or central office of the communications service provider. CPE generally refers to devices such as telephones, routers, network switches, residential gateways (RG), set-top boxes, fixed mobile convergence products, home networking adapters and Internet access gateways that enable consumers to access providers' communication services and distribute them in a residence or enterprise with a local area network (LAN). A CPE can be an active equipment, as the ones mentioned above, or passive equipment such as analog telephone adapters (ATA) or xDSL-splitters. This incl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NordVPN
NordVPN is a Lithuanian VPN service founded in 2012. NordVPN is developed by Nord Security (formerly Nordsec Ltd), a cybersecurity software company that was initially supported by Tesonet, a Lithuanian startup accelerator and business incubator. NordVPN states it operates in Panama, but Nord Security is incorporated in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Its offices are located in Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Panama, and the Netherlands. The service has applications for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Android TV, and tvOS. Manual setup is available for wireless routers, NAS devices, and other platforms. History NordVPN was established in 2012 by a group of childhood friends, with Eimantas Sabaliauskas and Tomas Okmanas at the helm. It presented an Android app in late May 2016, followed by an iOS app in June of same year. In October 2017, it launched a browser extension for Google Chrome. The service launched applications for Android TV in 2018 and tvOS in 2023 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
