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Criterion Of Dissimilarity
The criterion of dissimilarity (often used as a shorthand for criterion of double dissimilarity;''The Historical Jesus and the Final Judgment Sayings in Q'' (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament) by Brian Han Gregg (30 June 2006) page 29 it is also called criterion of discontinuity, originality or dual irreducibility) is used in Biblical criticism to determine if a statement attributed to Jesus may be authentic. The criterion states that if a saying attributed to Jesus is different from both the Jewish traditions of his time and the early Church that followed him, it is likely to come from the historical Jesus. Description Although early forms of the criterion of dissimilarity date back to the Renaissance,Stanley E. Porter, Reading the Gospels Today' (2004), p. 50–51. its modern formulation comes from Ernst Käsemann,Ernst Käsemann: "Das Problem des historischen Jesus." ''Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche'' Vol. 51, No. 2 (1954), p. 125–153. who in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biblical Criticism
Modern Biblical criticism (as opposed to pre-Modern criticism) is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural. During the eighteenth century, when it began as ''historical-biblical criticism,'' it was based on two distinguishing characteristics: (1) the concern to avoid dogma and bias by applying a neutral, non-sectarian, reason-based judgment to the study of the Bible, and (2) the belief that the reconstruction of the historical events behind the texts, as well as the history of how the texts themselves developed, would lead to a correct understanding of the Bible. This sets it apart from earlier, pre-critical methods; from the anti-critical methods of those who oppose criticism-based study; from the post-critical orientation of later scholarship; and from the multiple distinct schools of criticism into which it evolved in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The emergence of biblical criticism is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dagmar Winter (bishop)
Dagmar Winter (born 1965) is a bishop in the Church of England. Since 2019, she has served as Bishop of Huntingdon, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Ely. She was previously priest in charge of a large, rural parish in Northumbria (2006–2015), and Rector of Hexham Abbey (2015–2019). Early life and education Winter was born in 1965 and is of British and Swiss-German descent. She studied at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, and the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg and Heidelberg University in Germany. She trained for ordination at Herborn Theological Seminary from 1993 to 1996, during which she also completed a Doctor of Theology (DrTheol) degree. Ordained ministry Winter was made a deacon at Petertide 1996 (29 June), and ordained a priest the Petertide following year (28 June 1997) – both times by Michael Nazir-Ali, Bishop of Rochester, at Rochester Cathedral. She served her curacy at St Mark's Church, Bromley in the Diocese of Rochester. From 1999 to 2006, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criterion Of Multiple Attestation
The criterion of multiple attestation, also called the criterion of independent attestation or the cross-section method, is a tool used by Biblical scholars to help determine whether certain actions or sayings by Jesus in the New Testament are from the Historical Jesus. Simply put, the more independent witnesses that report an event or saying, the better. This criterion was first developed by F. C. Burkitt in 1906, at the end of the first quest for the historical Jesus. Description The gospels are not always independent of each other. Matthew and Luke, for example, are likely dependent on Mark. The ''criterion of multiple attestation'' focuses on the sayings or deeds of Jesus that are attested to in more than one independent literary source such as Mark, Paul, Q, M, L, John, Josephus, or Thomas.John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume IV: Law and Love', Yale University Press, 2009. The force of this criterion is increased if a given motif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criterion Of Embarrassment
The criterion of embarrassment is a type of biblical historical analysis in which a historical account is deemed more likely to be true if the author would have no reason to invent a historical account which might embarrass them. Certain Biblical scholars have used this as a meter for assessing whether the New Testament's accounts of Jesus's actions and words are historically probable.Catherine M. Murphy, ''The Historical Jesus For Dummies'', For Dummies Pub., 2007. p 14 The criterion of embarrassment is one of the criteria of authenticity used by academics, the others being the criterion of dissimilarity, the criterion of language and environment, criterion of coherence, and the criterion of multiple attestation. History The criterion of embarrassment is a long-standing tool of New Testament research. The phrase was used by John P. Meier in his 1991 book ''A Marginal Jew''; he attributed it to Edward Schillebeeckx (1914–2009), who does not appear to have actually used the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criterion Of Contextual Credibility
The criterion of contextual credibility, also variously called the criterion of Semitisms and Palestinian background or the criterion of Semitic language phenomena and Palestinian environment, is a tool used by Biblical scholars to help determine whether certain actions or sayings by Jesus in the New Testament are from the Historical Jesus. Simply put, if a tradition about Jesus does not fit the linguistic, cultural, historical and social environment of Jewish Aramaic-speaking 1st-century Palestine, it is probably not authentic. The linguistic and the environmental criteria are treated separately by some scholars, but taken together by others. The criterion emerged as separate but interrelated criteria: the 'criterion of Semitic language phenomena' (first introduced in 1925 by C. F. Burney), followed by and linked to the 'criterion of Palestinian environment' by scholars such as Joachim Jeremias (1947), in the period between the so-called 'first' and 'second' quest for the histor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morna Hooker
Morna Dorothy Hooker (born 19 May 1931) is a British theologian and New Testament scholar. Early life and education Morna Hooker was born in Beddington on 19 May 1931. She went to Bristol University where she graduated with first class honours in theology, and then earned her MA. She worked for a PhD degree at the University of Manchester, then at the University of Durham. Career and research She became a Research Fellow in Arts at Durham. In 1961 she was elected into a temporary, then permanent lectureship at King's College London. In 1970, she left for a lectureship in Theology at University of Oxford, with a fellowship at Linacre College, Oxford. She was Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity within the University of Cambridge from 1976 to 1998, becoming the first woman to hold the Cambridge degree of D.D., and as of 1998 is Professor Emerita. She holds honorary doctorates from the University of Bristol (1994) and the University of Edinburgh (1997). She remains a Fellow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infancy Gospel Of Thomas
The ''Infancy Gospel of Thomas'' is an apocryphal gospel about the childhood of Jesus. The scholarly consensus dates it to the mid-to-late second century, with the oldest extant fragmentary manuscript dating to the fourth or fifth century, and the earliest complete manuscript being the Codex Sabaiticus from the 11th century. There are references in letters by Hippolytus of Rome and Origen of Alexandria to a "Gospel of Thomas", but it is unclear whether those letters refer to the Infancy Gospel or the Gospel of Thomas, a sayings gospel discovered near Nag Hammadi, Egypt in 1945. Early Christian writers regarded the Infancy Gospel of Thomas as inauthentic and heretical. Eusebius rejected it as a heretical "fiction" in the third book of his fourth-century ''Church History'', and Pope Gelasius I included it in his list of heretical books in the fifth century. Date of creation The first known quotation of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas is from Irenaeus of Lyon around AD 180, who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interpolation
In the mathematics, mathematical field of numerical analysis, interpolation is a type of estimation, a method of constructing (finding) new data points based on the range of a discrete set of known data points. In engineering and science, one often has a number of data points, obtained by sampling (statistics), sampling or experimentation, which represent the values of a function for a limited number of values of the Dependent and independent variables, independent variable. It is often required to interpolate; that is, estimate the value of that function for an intermediate value of the independent variable. A closely related problem is the function approximation, approximation of a complicated function by a simple function. Suppose the formula for some given function is known, but too complicated to evaluate efficiently. A few data points from the original function can be interpolated to produce a simpler function which is still fairly close to the original. The resulting gai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesus Predicts His Death
There are several references in the Synoptic Gospels (the gospels of Gospel of Matthew, Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Mark and Gospel of Luke, Luke) to Jesus predicting his own death, the first two occasions building up to the final prediction of Crucifixion of Jesus, his crucifixion. Matthew's Gospel adds a prediction, before he and his Disciple (Christianity), disciples enter Jerusalem, that he will be crucified there. Gospel of Mark In the Gospel of Mark, generally agreed to be the earliest Gospel, written around the year 70, Jesus predicts his death three times, recorded in Mark 8#Peter's confession and Jesus' prediction, Mark 8:31-33, mark 9#Predictions about the crucifixion, 9:30-32 and mark 10#Verses 33–34, 10:32-34. Scholars note that this Gospel also contains verses in which Jesus appears to predict his Passion (Christianity), Passion and suggest that these represent the earlier traditions available to the author. Some scholars, such as Walter Schmithals, suggest a redacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1 Corinthians 1
The First Epistle to the Corinthians () is one of the Pauline epistles, part of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author, Sosthenes, and is addressed to the Christian church in Corinth. Scholars believe that Sosthenes was the amanuensis who wrote down the text of the letter at Paul's direction.Meyer, H. A. W. (1880)Meyer's NT Commentaryon 1 Corinthians 1, translated from the German sixth edition, ''BibleHub'', accessed May 17, 2022 It addresses various issues which had arisen in the Christian community at Corinth and is composed in a form of Koine Greek. Despite the name, it is not believed to be the first such letter written to the Corinthian church. Authorship There is a consensus among historians and theologians that Paul is the author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians, with Sosthenes as its co-author. Protestant commentator Heinrich Meyer notes that Sosthenes' inclusion in the opening wording shows that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul The Apostle
Paul, also named Saul of Tarsus, commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Apostles in the New Testament, Christian apostle ( AD) who spread the Ministry of Jesus, teachings of Jesus in the Christianity in the 1st century, first-century world. For his contributions towards the New Testament, he is generally regarded as one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age, and he also founded Early centers of Christianity, several Christian communities in Asia Minor and Europe from the mid-40s to the mid-50s AD. The main source of information on Paul's life and works is the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. Approximately half of its content documents his travels, preaching and miracles. Paul was not one of the Twelve Apostles, and did not know Jesus during his lifetime. According to the Acts, Paul lived as a Pharisees, Pharisee and participated in the Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, persecution of early Disciple (Christianity), disciples ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Messiah
In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias (; , ; , ; ) is a saviour or liberator of a group of people. The concepts of '' mashiach'', messianism, and of a Messianic Age originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible, in which a ''mashiach'' is a king or High Priest traditionally anointed with holy anointing oil. In Judaism, ''Ha-mashiach'' (), often referred to as ' (), is a fully human non-deity Jewish leader, physically descended via a human genetic father of an unbroken paternal Davidic line through King David and King Solomon. He will accomplish predetermined things in a future arrival, including the unification of the tribes of Israel, the gathering of all Jews to '' Eretz Israel'', the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem, the ushering in of a Messianic Age of global universal peace, and the annunciation of the world to come. The Greek translation of Messiah is ''Khristós'' (), anglicized as ''Christ''. It occurs 41 times in the Septuagint and 529 times in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
