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Codetermination
Worker representation on corporate boards of directors, also known as board-level employee representation (BLER), refers to the right of workers to vote for representatives on a board of directors in corporate law. In 2018, a majority of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and a majority of countries in the European Union, had some form of law guaranteeing the right of workers to vote for board representation. Together with a right to elect work councils, this is often called codetermination. The first laws requiring worker voting rights include the Oxford University Act 1854 and the Port of London Act 1908 in the United Kingdom, the Act on Manufacturing Companies of 1919 in Massachusetts in the United States (although the act's provisions were completely voluntary), and the Supervisory Board Act 1922 (''Aufsichtsratgesetz 1922'') in Germany, which codified collective agreement from 1918 and expanded it in the Mitbestimmungsgesetz, 1976 Mitbestimmungsgesetz. Over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitbestimmungsgesetz
Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 or the Codetermination Act 1976 is a German law that requires companies of over 2000 employees to have half the supervisory board of directors as representatives of workers, and just under half the votes. Background From 1922 to 1933, and again from 1951 Germany had had board level codetermination laws, inspired by collective agreements between worker unions and management. The 1919 Weimar Constitution said that, “Workers and employees shall be called upon to cooperate in common with employers, and on an equal footing, in the regulation of salaries and working conditions, as well as in the entire field of the economic development of the forces of production.” The coal and steel industry had required half worker and half shareholder seats on the company supervisory board, but outside these sectors, the Works Constitution Act 1952 merely required one third representation. By 1976, and given the success of worker participation, the governing social-l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976
Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 or the Codetermination Act 1976 is a German law that requires companies of over 2000 employees to have half the supervisory board of directors as representatives of workers, and just under half the votes. Background From 1922 to 1933, and again from 1951 Germany had had board level codetermination laws, inspired by collective agreements between worker unions and management. The 1919 Weimar Constitution said that, “Workers and employees shall be called upon to cooperate in common with employers, and on an equal footing, in the regulation of salaries and working conditions, as well as in the entire field of the economic development of the forces of production.” The coal and steel industry had required half worker and half shareholder seats on the company supervisory board, but outside these sectors, the Works Constitution Act 1952 merely required one third representation. By 1976, and given the success of worker participation, the governing social-lib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Board Of Directors
A board of directors is a governing body that supervises the activities of a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency. The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulations (including the jurisdiction's corporate law) and the organization's own constitution and by-laws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and may be subordinate to, the organization's full membership, which usually elect the members of the board. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are elected by the shareholders, and the board has ultimate responsibility for the management of the corporation. In nations with codetermination (such as Germany and Sweden), the workers of a corporation elect a set fraction of the board's members. The board of directors appoints the ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UK Corporate Governance Code
The UK Corporate Governance code, formerly known as the Combined Code (from here on referred to as "the Code") is a part of UK company law with a set of principles of good corporate governance aimed at companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. It is overseen by the Financial Reporting Council and its importance derives from the Financial Conduct Authority's Listing Rules. The Listing Rules themselves are given statutory authority under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 and require that public listed companies disclose how they have complied with the code, and explain where they have not applied the code in what the code refers to as 'comply or explain'. Private companies are also encouraged to conform; however there is no requirement for disclosure of compliance in private company accounts. The Code adopts a principles-based approach in the sense that it provides general guidelines of best practice. This contrasts with a rules-based approach which rigidly defines e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boards Of Directors
A board of directors is a governing body that supervises the activities of a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency. The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulations (including the jurisdiction's corporate law) and the organization's own constitution and by-laws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and may be subordinate to, the organization's full membership, which usually elect the members of the board. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are elected by the shareholders, and the board has ultimate responsibility for the management of the corporation. In nations with codetermination (such as Germany and Sweden), the workers of a corporation elect a set fraction of the board's members. The board of directors appoints the chief execut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Labour Law
French labour law is the system of labour law operating in France. History During the French Revolution, the '' Le Chapelier Law 1791'' was passed to prohibit unions or guilds and strikes in particular, with a proclamation of "free enterprise". On 25 May 1864, the '' loi Ollivier'' was passed to reverse the prohibitions on strike action. The prohibitions on forming trade unions were lifted by the Waldeck Rousseau laws passed on 21 March 1884. Additional labor laws were introduced during the Twentieth Century. Between 1936 and 1938 the Popular Front enacted a law mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid vacation for workers, and the Matignon Accords (1936). This established the right to organise a union, to bargain collectively, a legal right to strike, and was followed by enactments which limited the work week to 40 hours, excluding overtime, and guaranteed paid holidays. The Grenelle agreements negotiated on 25 and 26 May, in the middle of the May 1968 crisis, reduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conservative Party Of Canada
The Conservative Party of Canada (CPC; , ), sometimes referred to as the Tories, is a Government of Canada, federal List of political parties in Canada, political party in Canada. It was formed in 2003 by the merger of the two main Right-wing politics, right-leaning parties, the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, Progressive Conservative Party (PC Party) and the Canadian Alliance, the latter being the successor of the Western Canada, Western Canadian–based Reform Party of Canada, Reform Party. The party sits at the Centre-right politics, centre-right to the Right-wing politics, right of the Politics of Canada, Canadian political spectrum, with their federal rival, the Centrism, centre to Centre-left politics, centre-left Liberal Party of Canada, positioned to their left-wing politics, left. The Conservatives are defined as a "big tent" party, practicing "brokerage politics" and welcoming a broad variety of members, including "Red Tory, Red Tories" and "Blue Tory, Blue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 Canadian Federal Election
The 2021 Canadian federal election was held on September 20, 2021, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada, House of Commons to the 44th Canadian Parliament. The Writ of election, writs of election were issued by Governor General of Canada, Governor General Mary Simon on August 15, 2021, when Prime Minister of Canada, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau requested the Dissolution of parliament in Canada, dissolution of parliament for a snap election. Trudeau won a third term as prime minister, his second minority government. Though the Liberal Party of Canada, Liberals were hoping to win a majority government in order to govern alone, the results were mostly unchanged from the 2019 Canadian federal election. The Liberals won the most seats at 160; as this fell short of the 170 seats needed for a majority in the House of Commons, they formed a minority government with support from other parties. The 2021 election set a new record for the lowest vote share for a party that wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Financial Reporting Council
The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is an independent regulator in the UK and Ireland based in London Wall in the City of London, responsible for regulating auditors, accountants and actuaries, and setting the UK's Corporate Governance and Stewardship Codes. The FRC seeks to promote transparency and integrity in business by aiming its work at investors and others who rely on company reports, audits and high-quality risk management. In December 2018, an independent review of the FRC, led by Sir John Kingman, recommended its replacement by a new Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority, a recommendation that the government agreed to follow in March 2019 but later delayed. Ireland adopted the FRC's auditing framework in 2017. Structure The FRC is a company limited by guarantee, and is funded by the audit profession, who are required to contribute under the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 and by other groups subject to, or benefitting from FRC regulation. Its board of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Health Service Act 2006
The National Health Service Act 2006 (c. 41) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It sets out the structure of the National Health Service in England. It was altered and completely renumbered by the Health and Social Care Act 2012c 7. Contents Sections 1(1) and (2) replace the corresponding provisions in section 1(1) of the National Health Service Act 1977. Section 1(3) replaces section 1(2) of that Act.Table of Origins, p. 1 See also * British enterprise law * National Health Service (England), the national healthcare system overhauled by the bill. ;Legislation * National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990c 19 * National Health Service (Private Finance) Act 1997c 56 section 1, on private finance * NHS Redress Act 2006 Notes References * Halsbury's Statutes National Health Service Act 2006 (C. 41): Table of Origins HMSO. 2007. External links The National Health Service Act 2006 as amended from the National Archives. The National Health Service Act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education Act 2002
The Education Act 2002 (c. 32) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave schools greater autonomy to implement experimental teaching methods. Main provisions The act significantly amended legislation relating to academies, publicly funded schools operating outside of local government control and with a significant degree of autonomy areas such as wages and digressing from the national curriculum. Academies were originally set up under the Learning and Skills Act 2000 under the name "city academies", and were renamed to "academies" by this act. Schools which have innovative ideas to improve education, but are prevented by an existing law from implementing them, will be able to apply for exemption from that law. Schools which demonstrate a high standard of teaching will be given exemption national controls such as the national curriculum, agreements on teachers' pay and conditions and the way the scheduling of the school day and terms. Schools designating or re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016
Higher may refer to: Music * The Higher, a 2002–2012 American pop rock band Albums * Higher (Ala Boratyn album), ''Higher'' (Ala Boratyn album) or the title song, 2007 * Higher (Chris Stapleton album), ''Higher'' (Chris Stapleton album) or the title song, 2023 * Higher (Ezio album), ''Higher'' (Ezio album) or the title song, 2000 * Higher (Harem Scarem album), ''Higher'' (Harem Scarem album) or the title song, 2003 * Higher (The Horrors album), ''Higher'' (The Horrors album), 2012 * Higher (Life On Planet 9 album), ''Higher'' (Life On Planet 9 album) or the title song, 2017 * Higher (Michael Bublé album), ''Higher'' (Michael Bublé album) or the title song, 2022 * Higher (The Overtones album), ''Higher'' (The Overtones album) or the title song, 2012 * Higher (Regina Belle album), ''Higher'' (Regina Belle album) or the title song, 2012 * Higher (Roch Voisine album), ''Higher'' (Roch Voisine album) or the title song, 2002 * Higher (Treponem Pal album), ''Higher'' (Treponem Pal alb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
