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Chromosome 22
Chromosome 22 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells. Humans normally have two copies of chromosome 22 in each cell. Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human chromosome, spanning about 51 million DNA base pairs and representing between 1.5 and 2% of the total DNA in cells. In 1999, researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome. Chromosome 22 was the first human chromosome to be fully sequenced. Human chromosomes are numbered by their apparent size in the karyotype, with chromosome 1 being the largest and chromosome 22 having originally been identified as the smallest. However, genome sequencing has revealed that chromosome 21 is actually smaller than chromosome 22. Genes Number of genes The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 22. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation, their predictions of the number of genes on e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karyogram
A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities. A karyogram or idiogram is a graphical depiction of a karyotype, wherein chromosomes are generally organized in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. Karyotyping generally combines light microscopy and photography in the metaphase of the cell cycle, and results in a photomicrographic (or simply micrographic) karyogram. In contrast, a schematic karyogram is a designed graphic representation of a karyotype. In schematic karyograms, just one of the sister chromatids of each chromosome is generally shown for brevity, and in reality they are generally so close together that they look a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudogene
Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Pseudogenes can be formed from both protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. In the case of protein-coding genes, most pseudogenes arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by gene duplication or indirectly by Reverse transcriptase, reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gene-like sequences that lack regulatory sequences or are incapable of producing a functional product. Pseudogenes are a type of junk DNA. Most non-bacterial genomes contain many pseudogenes, often as many as functional genes. This is not surprising, since various biological processes are expected to accidentally create pseudogenes, and there are no specialized mechanisms to remove them from genomes. Eventually pseudogenes may be deleted from their genomes by chance of DNA replication or DNA repair errors, or they may accumulate so many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CBX7 (gene)
Chromobox homolog 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CBX7'' gene. The loss of ''CBX7'' gene expression has been shown to correlate with a malignant form of thyroid cancer Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland. It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms can include swelling or a lump in the neck, .... References Further reading * * * * * Human proteins Genes mutated in mice {{gene-22-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CARD10
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 10 is a protein in the CARD-CC protein family that in humans is encoded by the ''CARD10'' gene. Function The caspase recruitment domain (CARD) is a protein module that consists of 6 or 7 antiparallel alpha helices. It participates in signaling through highly specific protein-protein homophilic interactions. CARDs induce nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a family of transcription factor protein complexes that controls transcription (genetics), transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival. NF-κB is found i ...; MIM 164011) activity through the IKK (e.g., IKBKB; MIM 603258) complex. CARD9 (MIM 607212), CARD10, CARD11 (MIM 607210), and CARD14 (MIM 607211) interact with BCL10 (MIM 603517) and are involved in NF-κB signaling complexes. Except for CARD9, these CARD proteins are members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) fami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BCR (gene)
The breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) also known as renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BCR'' gene. ''BCR'' is one of the two genes in the ''BCR-ABL'' fusion protein, which is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Function Although the BCR- ABL fusion protein has been much studied, the function of the normal BCR gene product is still not clear. The protein has serine/threonine kinase activity and is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho family of GTPases including RhoA. Clinical significance A reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9 produces the Philadelphia chromosome, which is often found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The chromosome 22 breakpoint for this translocation is located within the ''BCR'' gene. The translocation produces a fusion protein that is encoded by sequence from both ''BC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATF4
Activating transcription factor 4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67), also known as ATF4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATF4'' gene. Function This gene encodes a transcription factor that was originally identified as a widely expressed mammalian DNA binding protein that could bind a tax-responsive enhancer element in the LTR of HTLV-1. The encoded protein was also isolated and characterized as the cAMP-response element binding protein 2 ( CREB-2). The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a family of DNA-binding proteins that includes the AP-1 family of transcription factors, cAMP-response element binding proteins ( CREBs) and CREB-like proteins. These transcription factors share a leucine zipper region that is involved in protein–protein interactions, located C-terminal to a stretch of basic amino acids that functions as a DNA-binding domain. Two alternative transcripts encoding the same protein have been described. Two pseudogenes are located on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ASCC2
Activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ASCC2'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei .... References External links * * Further reading * * * * * * {{gene-22-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ARFGAP3
ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARFGAP3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) which associates with the Golgi apparatus and which is thought to interact with ADP-ribosylation factor 1 ( ARF1). The encoded protein likely promotes hydrolysis of ARF1-bound GTP, which is required for the dissociation of coat proteins from Golgi-derived membranes and vesicles. Dissociation of the coat proteins is a prerequisite for the fusion of these vesicles with target compartments. The activity of this protein is sensitive to phospholipid Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typ ...s. This gene was originally known as ARFGAP1, but that is now the name of a related but different gene. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
APOBEC3B
Probable DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC3B'' gene. This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought to result from gene duplication, on chromosome 22. Members of the cluster encode proteins that are structurally and functionally related to the C to U RNA-editing cytidine deaminase APOBEC1. It is thought that the proteins may be RNA editing enzymes and have roles in growth or cell cycle control. This gene along with APOBEC3A have been in recent years found associated with mutagenesis of several cancers. The APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B proteins can cause specific mutations in cancer genomes called APOBEC mutagenesis and several factors including genetic and environmental influence this mutation pattern among patients specifically in bladder and breast cancer. This gene is also overexpressed in multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma (MM), also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADM2
ADM2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ADM2'' gene. ADM2 belongs to a family of calcitonin (MIM 114130)-related peptide hormones important for regulating diverse physiologic functions and the chemical composition of fluid In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously motion, move and Deformation (physics), deform (''flow'') under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are M ...s and tissues. upplied by OMIMref name="entrez" /> References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * {{gene-22-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Center For Biotechnology Information
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland, and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by US Congressman Claude Pepper. The NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine and is an important resource for bioinformatics tools and services. Major databases include GenBank for DNA sequences and PubMed, a bibliographic database for biomedical literature. Other databases include the NCBI Epigenomics database. All these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine. NCBI was directed by David Lipman, one of the original authors of the BLAST sequence alignment program and a widely respected figure in bioinformatics. GenBank NCBI had responsibility for making available the GenBank DNA seque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
