|
Celtiberians
The Celtiberians were a group of Celts and Celticized peoples inhabiting an area in the central-northeastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BC. They were explicitly mentioned as being Celts by several classic authors (e.g. Strabo). These tribes spoke the Celtiberian language and wrote it by adapting the Iberian alphabet, in the form of the Celtiberian script. The numerous inscriptions that have been discovered, some of them extensive, have enabled scholars to classify the Celtiberian language as a Celtic language, one of the Hispano-Celtic (also known as Iberian Celtic) languages that were spoken in pre-Roman and early Roman Iberia. Archaeologically, many elements link Celtiberians with Celts in Central Europe, but also show large differences with both the Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture. There is no complete agreement on the exact definition of Celtiberians among classical authors, nor modern scholars. The Ebro river clearly divides the Celtiberian areas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Celtiberian War
The First Celtiberian War (181–179 BC) was the first of three major rebellions by the Celtiberians against the Roman presence in Hispania. The other two were the Celtiberian Wars, Second Celtiberian War (154–151 BC) and the Numantine War (143–133 BC). Hispania was the name the Romans gave to the Iberian Peninsula. The peninsula was inhabited by various ethnic groups and numerous tribes. The Celtiberians were a confederation of five tribes, which lived in a large area of east central Hispania, to the west of Hispania Citerior. The eastern part of their territory shared a stretch of the border of this Roman province. The Celtiberian tribes were the Pellendones, the Arevaci, the Lusones, the Titti and the Belli. The Romans took over the territories of the Carthaginians in southern Hispania when they defeated them at the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). After the war they remained and in 197 BC they established two Roman colonies: Hispania ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celts
The Celts ( , see Names of the Celts#Pronunciation, pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples ( ) were a collection of Indo-European languages, Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apogee of their influence and territorial expansion during the 4th century BC, extending across the length of Europe from Britain to Asia Minor."; . "[T]he Celts, were Indo-Europeans, a fact that explains a certain compatibility between Celtic, Roman, and Germanic mythology."; . "The Celts and Germans were two Indo-European groups whose civilizations had some common characteristics."; . "Celts and Germans were of course derived from the same Indo-European stock."; . "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe." in Europe and Anatolia, identified by their use of Celtic languages and other cultural similarities.. "C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Celtiberian War
The Second Celtiberian War (154–151 BC) was one of the three major rebellions by the Celtiberians (a loose alliance of Celtic tribes living in east central Hispania, among which we can name the Pellendones, the Arevaci, the Lusones, the Titti and the Belli) against the presence of the Romans in Hispania. In 154 BC, the Roman senate objected to the Belli town of Segeda building a circuit of walls, and declared war. At least three tribes of Celtiberians were involved in the war: the Titti, the Belli (towns of Segeda and Nertobriga) and the Averaci (towns of Numantia, Axinum and Ocilis). After some initial Celtiberian victories, the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus inflicted some defeats and made peace with the Celtiberians. The next consul, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, attacked the Vaccaei, a tribe living in the central Duero valley which was not at war with Rome. He did so without the authorisation of the senate, with the excuse that the Vaccaei had mistreated the Carpetani. The S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccaei
The Vaccaei or Vaccei were a pre- Roman Celtic people of Spain, who inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central Duero valley, in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania (specifically in Castile and León). Origins Also designated Vaccaenas in the ancient sources, the Vaccaei were probably largely of Celtic descent and probably related to the Celtiberians. Their name may be derived from the Celtic word ', meaning a ''slayer'', since they were celebrated fighters. However, some scholars have reasoned that the name 'Vaccaei' may actually derive from 'Aued-Ceia', a contraction of ''Ceia'', the presumed ancient name of the modern river Cea, prefixed by the Indo-European root ''*aued-'' (water). They often acted in concert with their neighbours, the Celtiberi, suggesting that they may have been part of the Celtiberian peoples. They had a strict egalitarian society practising land reform and communal food distribution. This society was part of an Hispano-Celtic substrate, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belli
The Belli, also designated Beli or Belaiscos, were an ancient pre-Roman CelticCremin, ''The Celts in Europe'' (1992), p. 57. Celtiberian people who lived in the modern Spanish province of Zaragoza from the 3rd Century BC. Origins Apparently of mixed Illyrian and Celtic ( Belgic) origin and probably related with the Bellovaci, the Belli were said to have migrated to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th Century BC. They were also part of the Celtiberians. However, there is an overwhelming amount of evidence that the ancestors of the Celtiberian groups were installed in the Meseta area of the peninsula from at least 1000 BC and probably much earlier. Location The Belli inhabited the middle Jiloca and Huerva river valleys in Zaragoza province with their territories stretching up to the Guadalope and upper Turia valleys, close to their neighbours and clients, the Titii. Their early capital was '' Segeda'' ( Poyo de Maya – Zaragoza; Celtiberian mint: ''Sekaiza''), subseq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olcades
The Olcades were an ancient stock-raising pre-Roman people from Hispania, who lived to the west of the Turboletae in the southeastern fringe of the Iberian system mountains. Origins Related to both the Celtiberians and Carpetani, the Olcades appear to have been a mix of indigenous Iberians under the rule of an aristocracy of Gallic origin. It is believed that the latter sprang from the Volcae Tectosages of southern Gaul, who arrived in Iberia in the wake of the Celtic migrations of the 4th Century BC. Location From the 4th century BC, they occupied most of the modern province of Cuenca, along with the southern tip of Guadalajara and the western fringe of Valencia, where their capital ''Cartala'' ( Los Villares, near Caudete de las Fuentes; Iberian-type mint: ''Kelin'') – also designated ''Althea'' or ''Althia'', and ''Altaia'' by some Greek authors – was sited. Other Olcades' towns were ''Caesada'' ( Hita – Guadalajara; Iberian-type mint: ''Kaiseza''?), ''Ercavica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carpetani
The Carpetani ( Greek: ''Karpetanoi''), also named ''Karpesioi'' by Polybius, were one of the Celtic peoples inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula prior to the Roman conquest. Their core domain was constituted by the lands between the Tagus and the Anas, in the southern Meseta. Agriculture is thought to have had a greater importance in the Carpetanian economy than other neighboring peoples'. Location Since the 5th century BC the Carpetani inhabited the Toledo and Alcaraz highland ranges along the middle Tagus basin, occupying a territory that stretched from the Guadarrama river at the north to the upper ''Anas'' ( Guadiana) in the modern provinces of Guadalajara, Toledo, Madrid and Ciudad Real, an area designated as Carpetania in the ancient sources. Main city-states ('' Civitates'') in the region were ''Toletum'' (near modern Toledo; Roman or Celtiberian-type mint: ''Tole''), ''Iplacea''/'' Complutum'' (Alcalá de Henares – Madrid); Celtiberian-type mint: ''Ikezancom K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berones
The Berones were a pre-Roman Celtic people of ancient Spain, although they were not part of the Celtiberians. They lived north of the latter and close to the Cantabrian Conisci in the middle Ebro region between the Tirón and Alhama rivers. Origins The ancestors of the Berones were Celts who migrated from Gaul to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th century BC, to settle in La Rioja and the southern parts of the Soria, Álava and Navarre provinces. Location A stock-raising people that practiced transhumance, their capital was ''Varia'' or ''Vareia'' ( Custodia de Viana; Celtiberian-type mint: ''Uaracos Auta''?), situated near Logroño at the middle Ebro in La Rioja. and controlled the towns of ''Libia'' ( Herramélluri or Leiva – La Rioja), ''Tritium Megallum'' ( Tricio), ''Bilibium'' ( Bilibio, near Conchas de Haro – La Rioja) and ''Contrebia Leukade'' ( Aguillar del Rio Alhama – La Rioja). History Allies of the Autrigones, the Berones appear to have kept th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sertorian War
The Sertorian War was a civil war in the Roman Republic fought from 80 to 72 BC between two Roman factions, one led by Quintus Sertorius and another led by the senate as constituted in the aftermath of Sulla's civil war. The war was fought on the Iberian Peninsula (called ''Hispania'' by the Romans) and was one of the Roman civil wars of the first century BC. The Sertorians comprised many Roman exiles from the Sullan proscriptions led by Sertorius, who fashioned himself proconsul, and native Celts, Aquitanians, and Iberians. The war takes its name from Quintus Sertorius, the leader of the opposition. It was notable for Sertorius' successful use of guerrilla warfare. Sertorius was sent by the Marian regime as proconsul to Hispania in 83 BC, but was ejected by a Sullan army in 81 BC. He returned in 80 BC, landing in Hispania Ulterior, and campaigned with success against the Sullan governors, depicting himself as the legitimate Roman governor of Hispania whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cimbrian War
The Cimbrian or Cimbric War (113–101 BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and the Germanic peoples, Germanic and Celts, Celtic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons, Ambrones and Tigurini, who migrated from the Jutland peninsula into Roman-controlled territory, and clashed with Rome and her allies. The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Italia (Roman province), Italia and Rome itself had been seriously threatened. The timing of the war had a great effect on the internal politics of Rome, and the organization of its military. The war contributed greatly to the political career of Gaius Marius, whose consulships and political conflicts challenged many of the Roman Republic's political institutions and customs of the time. The Cimbrian threat, along with the Jugurthine War, allegedly inspired the putative Marian reforms of the Roman legions, a view now contested by modern historians. Rome was finally victorious, and its Germanic adversaries, who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Numantine War
The Numantine WarThe term Numantine War can refer to the whole conflict lasting from 154 to 133 or to just the latter part, from 143 to 133. Thus, the two conflicts are sometimes called the Numantine Wars (plural) and subdivided into the First and Second Numantine War. The two are also called the Second and Third Celtiberian (or Spanish) Wars. (from ''Bellum Numantinum'' in Appian's ''Roman History'') was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro, in what is now Spain. It was a twenty-year conflict between the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior and the Roman government. It began in 154 BC as a revolt of the Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro. The first phase of the war ended in 151, but in 143, war flared up again with a new insurrection in Numantia. The first war was fought contemporaneously with the Lusitanian War in Hispania Ulterior. The Lusitanians were subdued by Sulpicius Galba, who betrayed their sur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lobetani
The Lobetani (Greek: ''Lobetanoi''), were a small pre-Roman Iberian people of ancient Spain mentioned only once by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD, situated around the mountainous Albarracín area of the southwest Province of Teruel. Culture The Lobetani's own ethnical and linguistical affiliation remains difficult to determine however, with some modern authors considering them Celtic; others believe they spoke a form of the Iberian Language. In archeological terms, they are the least known of the southeastern Iberian tribes, even though their capital ''Lobetum'' (Greek: ''Lobeton'') has been identified with the Iron Age site of El Castellar de Frías, near Albarracín;Motoza, ''Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados'' (1998, revised edition 2007), p. 156. another Lobetani town was ''Orosis'' ( Caminreal, Teruel; Greek- and Roman-style mints: ''Orose'' and ''Orosi''). History What part the mysterious Lobetani played in the history of the region is still unknown, but it is clear that t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
