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Calèche
A barouche is a large, open, four-wheeled carriage, both heavy and luxurious, drawn by two horses. It was fashionable throughout the 19th century. Its body provides seats for four passengers, two back-seat passengers Vis-à-vis (carriage), vis-à-vis two behind the coachman's high box-seat. A leather roof can be raised to give back-seat passengers some protection from the weather. Etymology ''Barouche'' is an anglicisation of the German language, German word ''barutsche'', via the Italian language, Italian ''baroccio'' or ''biroccio'' and ultimately from the ancient Roman Empire's Latin language, Latin ''birotus'', "two-wheeled". The name thus became a misnomer, as the later form of the carriage had four wheels. Development and variations The barouche was based on an earlier style of carriage, the ''calash'' or ''calèche'': this was a light carriage with small wheels, inside seats for four passengers, a separate driver's seat and a folding top. A folding calash top was a fea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emma (novel)
''Emma'' is a novel written by English author Jane Austen. It is set in the fictional country village of Highbury and the surrounding estates of Hartfield, Randalls, and Donwell Abbey, and involves the relationships among people from a small number of families. The novel was first published in December 1815, although the title page is dated 1816. As in her other novels, Austen explores the concerns and difficulties of genteel women living in Georgian era, Georgian–Regency era, Regency England. ''Emma'' is a comedy of manners. Before she began the novel, Austen wrote, "I am going to take a heroine whom no one but myself will much like." In the first sentence, she introduces the title character by stating "Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and a happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her." Emma is spoiled, headstrong, and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carriages
A carriage is a two- or four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle for passengers. In Europe they were a common mode of transport for the wealthy during the Roman Empire, and then again from around 1600 until they were replaced by the motor car around 1900. They were generally owned by the rich, but second-hand private carriages became common public transport, the equivalent of modern cars used as taxis. Carriage suspensions are by leather strapping or, on those made in recent centuries, steel springs. There are numerous names for different types. Two-wheeled carriages are usually owner-driven. Coaches are a special category within carriages. They are carriages with four corner posts and a fixed roof. Two-wheeled war chariots and transport vehicles such as four-wheeled wagons and two-wheeled carts were forerunners of carriages. In the 21st century, horse-drawn carriages are occasionally used for public parades by royalty and for traditional formal ceremonies. Simplified modern versio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steering Undercarriage
Turning radius was a longstanding problem with wagons, dictated by the distance between the front wagon wheels and the bed of the wagon—namely, the point where the rotating wheels collide with the side of the wagon when turning. Many earlier designs required a very large turning radius; however, shrinking the width of the bed means decreasing the size of the load. As this is a problem that carts (by virtue of their two-wheeled nature) do not face, this factor, combined with their lighter weight, meant that carts were long preferred over wagons for many uses. The general solutions to this problem involved several modifications to the front-axle assembly. The front axle assembly of a wagon consists of an axle, a pair of wheels and a round plate with a kingpin in its centre that sits halfway between the wheels, which may be mounted on spindles. A round plate with a hole in its centre is located on the underside of the wagon. The plate on the wagon, in turn, sits on the plate on th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nedelišće
Nedelišće (; Kajkavian language, Kajkavian: ''Nedelišče'') is a village in Međimurje County, in northern Croatia, and the seat of the Municipalities of Croatia, Municipality of Nedelišće, which also includes 10 other villages in the south-western part of Međimurje County. Nedelišće itself is a suburban village located just outside the county seat, Čakovec, around 3 kilometres from the city's centre. Despite not being designated as either a city or a town, Nedelišće was the third most populated Settlement (Croatia), settlement in Međimurje County, after Čakovec and Prelog, Croatia, Prelog, with 4,320 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. History Nedelišće was first mentioned in 1226, in the Donation of the Hungarian King Béla IV. The settlement was named after Sunday (, local Kajkavian dialect: ''nedelja'' or ''nedela''), since the local people worship The Holy Trinity to which their Catholic Church, Catholic parish is dedicated. In the Middle Ages, the pl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dead Souls
''Dead Souls'' ( , pre-reform spelling: ) is a novel by Nikolai Gogol, first published in 1842, and widely regarded as an exemplar of 19th-century Russian literature. The novel chronicles the travels and adventures of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov and the people whom he encounters. These people typify the Russian middle aristocracy of the time. Gogol himself saw his work as an "epic poem in prose", and within the book characterised it as a "poem in prose". Gogol intended the novel to be the first part of a three-volume work, but burned the manuscript of the second part shortly before his death. Modern editions of ''Dead Souls'' include what survives from Part Two, as reconstructed by editors from Gogol's notebooks. Although the novel ends in mid-sentence (like Sterne's ''Sentimental Journey''), it is regarded by some as complete in the extant form. Characterization The original title, as shown on the illustration (cover page), was "The Wanderings of Chichikov, or Dead Souls. ''Po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; ; (; () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the Grotesque#In literature, grotesque in his writings, for example, in his works "The Nose (Gogol short story), The Nose", "Viy (story), Viy", "The Overcoat", and "Nevsky Prospekt (story), Nevsky Prospekt". These stories, and others such as "Diary of a Madman (Nikolai Gogol), Diary of a Madman", have also been noted for their Proto-Surrealism, proto-surrealist qualities. According to Viktor Shklovsky, Gogol used the technique of defamiliarization when a writer presents common things in an unfamiliar or strange way so that the reader can gain new perspectives and see the world differently. His early works, such as ''Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka'', were influenced by his Ukrainian upbringing, Ukrainian culture and Ukrainian folklore, folklore. His later writing satirised political corruption in contemporary Russian Empire, Russia (''The Government I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louisa May Alcott
Louisa May Alcott (; November 29, 1832March 6, 1888) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known for writing the novel ''Little Women'' (1868) and its sequels ''Good Wives'' (1869), ''Little Men'' (1871), and ''Jo's Boys'' (1886). Raised in New England by her Transcendentalism, transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many well-known intellectuals of the day, including Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. Encouraged by her family, Louisa began writing from an early age. Louisa's family experienced financial hardship, and while Louisa took on various jobs to help support the family from an early age, she also sought to earn money by writing. In the 1860s she began to achieve critical success for her writing with the publication of ''Hospital Sketches'', a book based on her service as a nurse in the American Civil War. Early in her career, she sometimes used pen names such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Little Women
''Little Women'' is a coming-of-age novel written by American novelist Louisa May Alcott, originally published in two volumes, in 1868 and 1869. The story follows the lives of the four March sisters— Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy—and details their passage from childhood to womanhood. Loosely based on the lives of the author and her three sisters, it is classified as an autobiographical or semi-autobiographical novel. ''Little Women'' was an immediate commercial and critical success, and readers were eager for more about the characters. Alcott quickly completed a second volume (titled ''Good Wives'' in the United Kingdom, though the name originated with the publisher and not Alcott). It was also met with success. The two volumes were issued in 1880 as a single novel titled ''Little Women''. Alcott subsequently wrote two sequels to her popular work, both also featuring the March sisters: '' Little Men'' (1871) and '' Jo's Boys'' (1886). The novel has been said to address three ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sense And Sensibility
''Sense and Sensibility'' ( working title; ''Elinor and Marianne'') is the first novel by the English author Jane Austen, published in 1811. It was published anonymously: ''By A Lady'' appears on the title page where the author's name might have been. The novel is probably set between 1792 and 1797 and follows the three Dashwood sisters and their widowed mother as they are forced to leave the family estate in Sussex and move to a modest cottage on the property of distant relative in Devon. There the two eldest girls experience love and heartbreak that tries the contrasting characters of both. Plot summary On his deathbed, Henry Dashwood gets John, his son by his first wife, to promise to take care of his stepmother and half-sisters, Elinor, Marianne and Margaret, from his inheritance. But Fanny, John's wife, persuades her husband not to support them financially, leaving them to survive on a greatly reduced income. Fanny's brother Edward Ferrars comes on a visit, but wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persuasion (novel)
''Persuasion'' is the last novel completed by the English author Jane Austen. It was published on 20 December 1817, along with ''Northanger Abbey'', six months after her death, although the title page is dated 1818. The story concerns Anne Elliot, an Englishwoman of 27 years, whose family moves to Bath to lower their expenses and reduce their debt by renting their estate to an admiral and his wife. The wife's brother, Captain Frederick Wentworth, was engaged to Anne in 1806, but the engagement was broken when Anne was persuaded by her friends and family to end their relationship. Anne and Captain Wentworth, both single and unattached, meet again after a separation lasting almost eight years, setting the scene for a second, well-considered chance at love and marriage for Anne. The novel was well received in the early 19th century, but its greater fame came later in the century and continued into the 20th and 21st centuries. Much scholarly debate on Austen's work has since been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
