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Bugyō
was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials during the feudal period of Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdiction. Pre-Edo period In the Heian period (794–1185), the post or title of ''bugyō'' would be applied only to an official with a set task; once that task was complete, the officer would cease to be called ''bugyō''. However, in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and later, continuing through the end of the Edo period (1603–1868), posts and title came to be created on a more permanent basis.Kinihara, Misako''The Establishment of the Tosen-bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori'' (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用) Tokyo Woman's Christian University. ''Essays and S.tudies''. Abstract. Over time, there came to be 36 ''bugyō'' in the bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate. In 1434, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edo Machi-bugyō
were magistrates or municipal administrators with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in the shogunal city of Edo. Machi-bugyō were samurai officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually ''hatamoto'',Cunningham p. 39./ref> this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not ''daimyōs''.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 325. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor." During the Edo period, there were generally two hatamoto serving simultaneously as Edo ''machi-bugyō''. There were two Edo ''machi-bugyō-sho'' within the jurisdictional limits of metropolitan Edo; and during the years from 1702 though 1719, there was also a third appointed ''machi-bugyō''.Cunningham, Don. (2004) ''Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai'', p. 39./ref> The Edo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokugawa Shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 978.Nussbaum"''Edo-jidai''"at p. 167. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. Ieyasu became the ''shōgun,'' and the Tokugawa clan governed Japan from Edo Castle in the eastern city of Edo ( Tokyo) along with the ''daimyō'' lords of the ''samurai'' class.Nussbaum"Tokugawa"at p. 976. The Tokugawa shogunate organized Japanese society under the strict Tokugawa class system and banned most foreigners under the isolationist policies of ''Sakoku'' to promote political stability. The Tokugawa shoguns governed Japan in a feudal system, with each ''daimyō'' administering a ''han'' (feud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gunkan-bugyō
, also known as ''kaigun-bugō,'' were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually ''fudai daimyō''.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 322. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner", "overseer" or "governor". This ''bakufu'' title identifies an official with responsibility for naval matters. The office was created on March 28, 1859. The creation of this new position was an administrative change which was deemed necessary because of two treaties which were negotiated with the Americans. The open port provisions were part of the Convention of Kanagawa of 1858, which cam about as the result Commodore Perry's second appearance in Tokyo harbor with armed battleships. More precisely, this ''bugyō'' was considered essential because of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, which had been negotiated in 1858 by the American re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fushin Bugyō
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually '' fudai'' daimyō.Beasley, William. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868,'' pp. 18-19. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer." This ''bakufu'' tile identifies an official with responsibility for public works—for construction projects which involved civil engineering like land reclamation projects, for excavation of moats and canals, and for the collection of stone and the erection of castle walls. As a result of the experiences involved in castle building in the Momoyama period and early-Edo period, Tokugawa architectural practice, such as the construction of the mausoleum complex at Nikkō, was seen as a subordinate to the massive task of wall building which was seen as an essential security measure in troubled times.Coaldrake, William H. (1996 ''Architecture and Authority in Jap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashikaga Yoshinori
was the sixth ''shōgun'' of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1429 to 1441 during the Muromachi period of Japan. Yoshinori was the son of the third ''shōgun'' Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). His childhood name was Harutora (). Family * Father: Ashikaga Yoshimitsu * Mother: Fujiwara no Yoshiko (1358–1399) * Wives: ** Hino Muneko (d. 1447) ** Sanjo Yoshiko, daughter of Sanjo Masaaki * Concubines: ** Hino Shigeko (1411–1463) ** Kozaisho no Tsubone ** Shoben-dono ** Otomi no Kata, daughter of Tamagawa no Miya and granddaughter of Emperor Chōkei * Children: ** Ashikaga Yoshikatsu by Shigeko ** Ashikaga Yoshimasa by Shigeko ** Daijin'in by Shigeko ** Ashikaga Yoshikano later Shogoin by Shigeko ** a daughter by Kozaisho ** Ashikaga Yoshimi by Kozaisho ** Ashikaga Masatomo (1435–1491) by Shoben ** Ashikaga Yoshinaga by Shoben ** Kosho'in ** Sankyo Shogunal succession After the death of the Fifth ''shōgun'' Ashikaga Yoshikazu in 1425, The Fourth ''Shōgu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hakodate Bugyō
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually '' fudai'' daimyō, but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyō.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868,'' p. 322. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer" or "governor." Hakodate is a port city on the southern coast of Hokkaidō island, separated from northern Honshū by the Tsugaru Strait. In 1779, the Tokugawa shogunate exerted direct control over Hakodate, and rapid development in the area soon followed. This ''bakufu'' title identifies an official responsible for administration of the port city of Hakodate and neighboring territory of Ezo. The ''bugyō'' were also directly responsible for the conduct of relations with foreigners in this region. The office was created in 1802. There were two men holding the title ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gusoku-bugyō
The was a government office under Japan's Tokugawa shogunate, concerned with the armament of the ''shōgun''s soldiers.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Ōmi''" in ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File. The office was established in 1604; however, this office was known as ''bugu-bugyō'' after 1863. List of ''Gusoku bugyō'' : See also * Bugyō was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials during the feudal period of Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official ... Notes References * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005) ''Japan encyclopedia.''Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 58053128 Government of feudal Japan Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate {{Japan-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
:Category:Japanese Words And Phrases
{{Commons Words and phrases by language Words A word is a basic element of language that carries an objective or practical meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no consen ... Words Words ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retirement of William P. Sisler in 2017, the university appointed as Director George Andreou. The press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts near Harvard Square, and in London, England. The press co-founded the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Yale University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018. Notable authors published by HUP include Eudora Welty, Walter Benjamin, E. O. Wilson, John Rawls, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Jay Gould, Helen Vendler, Carol Gilligan, Amartya Sen, David Blight, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Piketty. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, closed on June 17, 2009. Related publishers, imprints, and series HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanuma Okitsugu
(September 11, 1719, in Edo, Japan – August 25, 1788, in Edo) was a chamberlain (office), chamberlain (''sobashū'') and a senior counselor (''rōjū'') to the ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ieharu of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Shogunate, in the Edo period of Japan. Tanuma and his son exercised tremendous power, especially in the last 14 years of shogun Ieharu's reign.Hane, M. (2018). ''Premodern Japan: A historical survey''. Routledge. He is known for the economic reforms of the Tenmei era and rampant corruption. He was also a ''daimyō'' of the Sagara Domain. Tanuma used the title Tonomo-no-kami. Tanuma's reforms aimed to rectify the systemic problems in Japan's economy, particularly the trade imbalance between the provinces (''han'') and the shogunal areas (''tenryō'') of Japan. The previous shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, sought to rectify the shogunate's economic problems by frugality and a focus on agriculture. Instead, Tanuma debased currency, sold monopoly rights to dea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
