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Battle Against The Nervians
The Battle of the Sabis, also (arguably erroneously) known as the Battle of the Sambre or the Battle against the Nervians (or Nervii), was fought in 57 BC near modern Saulzoir in Northern France, between Caesar's legions and an association of Belgae tribes, principally the Nervii. Julius Caesar, commanding the Roman forces, was surprised and nearly defeated. According to Caesar's report, a combination of determined defence, skilled generalship, and the timely arrival of reinforcements allowed the Romans to turn a strategic defeat into a tactical victory. Few primary sources describe the battle in detail, with most information coming from Caesar's own report on the battle from his book, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico''. Little is therefore known about the Nervii perspective on the battle. Prelude During the winter of 58–57 BC rumours came to Caesar's ears that the Belgae tribes were forming a union because they feared possible Roman interference in their affairs. The union inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland). Gallic, Germanic, and British tribes fought to defend their homelands against an aggressive Roman campaign. The Wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul. Though the Gallic military was as strong as the Romans, the Gallic tribes' internal divisions eased victory for Caesar. Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls under a single banner came too late. Caesar portrayed the invasion as being a preemptive and defensive action, but historians agree that he fought the Wars primarily to boost his political career and to pay off his debts. Still, Gaul was of significant military importance to the Romans. Native tribes in the region, both Gallic and Germanic, had attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legio XIV Gemina
Legio XIV Gemina ("The Twinned Fourteenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army, levied by Julius Caesar in 57 BC. The cognomen ''Gemina'' (Twinned) was added when the legion was combined with another understrength legion after the Battle of Actium. The cognomen ''Martia Victrix'' (martial and victorious) was added following their service in the Pannonian War c. AD 9 and the defeat of Boudicca in AD 61. The emblem of the legion was the Capricorn, as with many of the legions levied by Caesar.L. J. F. Keppie, ''Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000'', page 128. Under Caesar Legio XIV was first raised by Caesar in Cisalpine Gaul during his raids into, and conquest of, Gaul. Their enlistment term was for 16 years, as per the other Republican legions (though Augustus raised that to 20). In the first years, the legion frequently was left behind to guard the camp during battles and raids. Following its early destruction at Atuatuca (near today's Tongeren, Belg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condrusi
The Condrusi were an ancient Belgic- Germanic tribe dwelling in what is now eastern Belgium during the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC) and the Roman period. Their ethnic identity remains uncertain. Caesar described them as part of the Germani Cisrhenani, but their tribal name is probably of Celtic origin. Like other Germani Cisrhenani tribes, it is possible that their old Germanic endonym came to be abandoned after a tribal reorganization, that they received their names from their Celtic neighbours, or else that they were fully or partially assimilated into Celtic culture at the time of the Roman invasion of the region in 57 BC. Name They are mentioned as ''Condrusos'' and ''Condrusi'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), and as ''Condurses'' by Orosius (early 5th c. AD)., entry 1967. The meaning of the name ''Condrusi'' remains unclear. The prefix is most likely the Gaulish ''con-/com-'' ('with, together, as well'), and although the translation of the element ''-drus-'' is unknown, it is also g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veliocasses
The Veliocasses or Velocasses (Gaulish: *''Weliocassēs'') were a Belgic or Gallic tribe of the La Tène and Roman periods, dwelling in the south of modern Seine-Maritime and in the north of Eure. Name They are mentioned as ''Veliocasses'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD), as (; var. ) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Velocasses'' by Orosius (early 5th c. AD)., s.v. ''Veliocasses''. The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym is uncertain. The first part is certainly the Gaulish root , which could either stem from Proto-Celtic ('modesty'; cf. OIr. , OBret. 'honestas'), or else from Proto-Celtic ('better'; cf. Welsh 'better'). The second etymology is semantically more probable for a tribal name, but the unknown length of the vowel ''e'' in ''uelio-'' makes it difficult to conclude with certainty. The meaning of the second element ''-casses'', attested in other Gaulish ethnonyms such as ''Bodiocasses'', ''Durocasses'', '' Sucasses'', ''Tricasses'', or ''Viducasses'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caleti
The Caletes or Caleti (Gaulish: ''Caletoi'' "the hard tubborn, toughones"; la, italic=yes, Calētēs or ''Calētī'') were a Belgic or Gallic tribe dwelling in Pays de Caux, in present-day Normandy, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Caletes'' (var. ''Caletos'', ''Cadetes'') by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), as ''Káletoi'' (Κάλετοι) and ''Kalétous'' (Καλέτους) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), as ''Galetos'' (var. ''Galletos'') by Pliny (1st c. AD), as ''Kalē̃tai'' (Καλη̃ται) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Caleti'' by Orosius (early 5th c. AD). The Gaulish ethnonym ''Caletoi'' literally means 'the hard ones', that is to say 'the stubborn' or 'the tough'. It derives from the Proto-Celtic stem ''*kaleto''- ('hard, cruel, strong'; cf. Old Irish ''calath'' 'heroic,'' Middle Welsh ''caled'' 'hard'), itself from Proto-Indo-European ''*ḱelto''-, meaning 'cold' (cf. Avest. ''sarǝta-'' 'cold', OEng. 'hero', Lat. 'to be harden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menapii
The Menapii were a Belgic tribe dwelling near the North Sea, around present-day Cassel, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name Attestations They are mentioned as ''Menapii'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Orosius (early 5th c. AD), ''Menápioi'' (Μενάπιοι; var. Μονάπιοι, Μενάσπιοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD) and Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), as ''Menapi'' by Pliny (1st c. AD) and the '' Notitia Dignitatum'' (5th c. AD), and under the accusative forms ''Menapios'' by Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD) and ''Menapíous'' (Μεναπίους) by Cassius Dio (3rd c. AD)., s.v. ''Menapii'' and ''Castellum Menapiorum''. Etymology The Gaulish ethnonym ''Menapii'' has been phonetically compared with '' Manapii'', the name of a tribe from southeastern Ireland mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. These tribal names may ultimately derive from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *''Menakwī'' or *''Manakwī'', whose meaning remains uncertain, perhaps the 'mou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morini
The Morini (Gaulish: "sea folk, sailors") were a Belgic coastal tribe dwelling in the modern Pas de Calais region, around present-day Boulogne-sur-Mer, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Morini'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Morinoì'' (Μορινοὶ) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Morinos'' by Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD) and Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD), ''Morinō̃n'' (Μορινω̃ν) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), ''Mōrínous'' (Μωρίνους; acc.) by Cassius Dio (3rd c. AD), and as ''Morinorum'' (gen.) in the '' Notitia Dignitatum'' (5th c. AD). The Gaulish ethnonym ''Morini'' (sing. ''Morinos'') literally means 'those of the sea', that is to say the 'sea people' or the 'sailors'. It stems from Proto-Celtic ''*mori'' ('sea'; cf. Old Irish ''muir'', Middle Welsh ''mor'' 'sea'), itself from Proto-Indo-European ''*mori'' ('sea, standing water'; cf. Lat. ''mare'' 'sea', OHG ''mari'' 'sea, lake', Osset. ''mal'' 'sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ambiani
The Ambiani (Gaulish: ''Ambiāni'', 'those around') were a Belgic coastal tribe dwelling in the modern Picardy region during the Iron Age and Roman periods. They settled in the region between the 4th century and the second part of the 2nd century BC. In 113–101 BC, they took part in the fights against the Cimbri and Teutoni invaders during the Cimbrian War. In 57 and 52 BC, they participated in Gallic coalitions against Caesar, before their eventual subjugation by Rome in 51 BC. The Ambiani are known for their gold coinage, found in both northern France and Britain, which attest of extensive trading relations across the Channel. Name They are mentioned as ''Ambianos'' and ''Ambianis'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Ambianos'' in the summary of Livy's ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri'' (late 1st c. BC), ''Ambianoì'' (Ἀμβιανοὶ) and ''Ambianoĩs'' (Ἀμβιανοῖς) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Ambiani'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Ambianoí'' (Ἀμβιανοί) by Ptolemy (2n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suessiones
The Suessiones were a Belgic tribe, dwelling in the modern Aisne and Oise regions during the La Tène and Roman periods. During the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), their oppidum Noviodunum ( Pommiers) was besieged and conquered by Caesar. Following their defeat by the Romans at the end of the campaign of 57 BC, they fell into dependence upon Rome and remained faithful to the Romans during the revolt of 51 BC. Name Attestations They are mentioned as ''Suessiones'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD), as ''Souessíōnes'' (Σουεσσίωνες) and ''Ou̓essíōnas'' (Οὐεσσίωνας) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), and as ''Ouéssones'' (Οὐέσσονες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). Etymology The etymology of the Gaulish ethnonym ''Suessiones'' has been debated, but most scholars derive it from the word for 'six', (cf. Gaulish 'sixth', Irish , Welsh 'six'), after a Gallic custom of including numbers in tribal names (e.g. '' Vo-contii'', '' Vo-corii'', '' Tri-co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bellovaci
The Bellovaci (Gaulish: ''Bellouacoi'') were a Belgic tribe dwelling in the modern Picardy region, near the present-day city of Beauvais, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. After they were defeated by Caesar in 57 BC, they gave lukewarm support to the Gallic revolt led by Vercingetorix in 52 BC. The Bellovaci nonetheless organized resistance against Rome in 51 BC. Name They are mentioned as ''Bellovacos'' and ''Bellovaci'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Belloákoi'' (Βελλοάκοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Bellovaci'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Belloúakoi'' (Βελλούακοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). The ethnonym ''Bellovacī'' is a latinized form of Gaulish ''Bellouacoi'' (sing. ''Bellouacos''). The latter derives from the stem ''bello-'' ('strong, forceful'), but the translation of the suffix -''uaco-'' is uncertain. It could mean 'curved' (cf. Lat. ''uaccilare''), or else be related to the Irish ''fachain'' ('striving') and the Scottish Gaelic ''fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commentaries On The Gallic War/Book 2
Commentary or commentaries may refer to: Publications * ''Commentary'' (magazine), a U.S. public affairs journal, founded in 1945 and formerly published by the American Jewish Committee * Caesar's Commentaries (other), a number of works by or attributed to Julius Caesar * ''Commentaries'' of Ishodad of Merv, set of ninth-century Syriac treatises on the Bible * ''Commentaries on the Laws of England'', a 1769 treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone * ''Commentaries on Living'', a series of books by Jiddu Krishnamurti originally published in 1956, 1958 and 1960 * ''Moralia in Job'', a sixth-century treatise by Saint Gregory * '' Commentary of Zuo'', one of the earliest Chinese works of narrative history, covering the period from 722 to 468 BCE * ''Commentaries'', a work attributed to Taautus Other uses * Published opinion piece material, in any of several forms: ** An editorial, written by the editorial staff or board of a newspaper, magazine, or othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commentarii De Bello Gallico
''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' (; en, Commentaries on the Gallic War, italic=yes), also ''Bellum Gallicum'' ( en, Gallic War, italic=yes), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting the Celtic and Germanic peoples in Gaul that opposed Roman conquest. The "Gaul" that Caesar refers to is ambiguous, as the term had various connotations in Roman writing and discourse during Caesar's time. Generally, Gaul included all of the regions primarily inhabited by Celts, aside from the province of Gallia Narbonensis (modern-day Provence and Languedoc-Roussillon), which had already been conquered in Caesar's time, therefore encompassing the rest of modern France, Belgium, Western Germany, and parts of Switzerland. As the Roman Republic made inroads deeper into Celtic territory and conquered more land, the definition of "Gaul" shifted. Concu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
