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Bundle Adjustment
In photogrammetry and computer stereo vision, bundle adjustment is simultaneous refining of the 3D coordinates describing the scene geometry, the parameters of the relative motion, and the optical characteristics of the camera(s) employed to acquire the images, given a set of images depicting a number of 3D points from different viewpoints. Its name refers to the '' geometrical bundles'' of light rays originating from each 3D feature and converging on each camera's optical center, which are adjusted optimally according to an optimality criterion involving the corresponding image projections of all points. Uses Bundle adjustment is almost always used as the last step of feature-based 3D reconstruction algorithms. It amounts to an optimization problem on the 3D structure and viewing parameters (i.e., camera pose and possibly intrinsic calibration and radial distortion), to obtain a reconstruction which is optimal under certain assumptions regarding the noise pertaining to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundle Adjustment Sparse Matrix
Bundle or Bundling may refer to: * Bundling (packaging), the process of using straps to bundle up items Biology * Bundle of His, a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction * Bundle of Kent, an extra conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles in the heart * Hair bundle, a group of cellular processes resembling hair, characteristic of a hair cell Computing * Bundle (OS X), a type of directory in NEXTSTEP and OS X * Bundle (software distribution), a package containing a software and everything it needs to operate * Bundle adjustment, a photogrammetry/computer vision technique Economics * Bundled payment, a method for reimbursing health care providers * Product bundling, a marketing strategy that involves offering several products for sale as one combined product Mathematics and engineering * Bundle (mathematics), a generalization of a fiber bundle dropping the condition of a local product structure * Bundle conductor (power engineering) * Fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
System Of Linear Equations
In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of two or more linear equations involving the same variable (math), variables. For example, : \begin 3x+2y-z=1\\ 2x-2y+4z=-2\\ -x+\fracy-z=0 \end is a system of three equations in the three variables . A ''Solution (mathematics), solution'' to a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables such that all the equations are simultaneously satisfied. In the example above, a solution is given by the Tuple, ordered triple (x,y,z)=(1,-2,-2), since it makes all three equations valid. Linear systems are a fundamental part of linear algebra, a subject used in most modern mathematics. Computational algorithms for finding the solutions are an important part of numerical linear algebra, and play a prominent role in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science, and economics. A Nonlinear system, system of non-linear equations can often be Approximation, approximated by a linear system (see linea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geodesy
Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the Figure of the Earth, geometry, Gravity of Earth, gravity, and Earth's rotation, spatial orientation of the Earth in Relative change, temporally varying Three-dimensional space, 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical body, astronomical bodies, such as planets or Natural satellite, circumplanetary systems. Geodynamics, Geodynamical phenomena, including crust (geology), crustal motion, tides, and polar motion, can be studied by designing global and national Geodetic control network, control networks, applying space geodesy and terrestrial geodetic techniques, and relying on Geodetic datum, datums and coordinate systems. Geodetic job titles include geodesist and geodetic surveyor. History Geodesy began in pre-scientific Classical antiquity, antiquity, so the very word geodesy comes from the Ancient Greek word or ''geodaisia'' (literally, "division of Earth"). Early ideas about t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geometry In Computer Vision
Geometry (; ) is a branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. Geometry is, along with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a '' geometer''. Until the 19th century, geometry was almost exclusively devoted to Euclidean geometry, which includes the notions of point, line (geometry), line, plane (geometry), plane, distance, angle, surface (mathematics), surface, and curve, as fundamental concepts. Originally developed to model the physical world, geometry has applications in almost all sciences, and also in art, architecture, and other activities that are related to graphics. Geometry also has applications in areas of mathematics that are apparently unrelated. For example, methods of algebraic geometry are fundamental in Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem that was s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ames Stereo Pipeline
The NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP) is an open-source software package for photogrammetry. It can create digital elevation models and ortho images from stereo planetary data acquired with NASA spacecraft, including for the Moon, Mars, and all other bodies with a solid surface, and also from commercial Earth-orbiting satellites, such as Digital Globe and any vendors who support the RPC camera model, e.g., Pléiades and Cartosat. For stereo correlation ASP uses block-matching and semi-global matching. ASP also provides tools for correcting the input camera poses using bundle adjustment, registration of obtained terrain models using iterative closest point, and a tool for refining a 3D terrain model with shape from shading. ASP integrates the ISIS software for processing planetary data. Binary releases are available for Linux and OSX. See also *Comparison of photogrammetry software Photogrammetry is the technique to extract geometric information from two-dimensional images or vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MATLAB
MATLAB (an abbreviation of "MATrix LABoratory") is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numeric computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine allowing access to symbolic computing abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems. , MATLAB has more than four million users worldwide. They come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. , more than 5000 global colleges and universities use MATLAB to support instruction and research. History Origins MATLAB was invented by mathematician and computer programmer Cleve Moler. The idea for MATLAB was base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C (programming Language)
C (''pronounced'' '' – like the letter c'') is a general-purpose programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted Central processing unit, CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in Kernel (operating system), kernels), device drivers, and protocol stacks, but its use in application software has been decreasing. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems. A successor to the programming language B (programming language), B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming langu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simultaneous Localization And Mapping
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is the computational problem of constructing or updating a map of an unknown environment while simultaneously keeping track of an Intelligent agent, agent's location within it. While this initially appears to be a chicken or the egg problem, there are several algorithms known to solve it in, at least approximately, tractable time for certain environments. Popular approximate solution methods include the particle filter, extended Kalman filter, covariance intersection, and GraphSLAM. SLAM algorithms are based on concepts in computational geometry and computer vision, and are used in robot navigation, robotic mapping and odometry for virtual reality or augmented reality. SLAM algorithms are tailored to the available resources and are not aimed at perfection but at operational compliance. Published approaches are employed in self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles, autonomous underwater vehicles, Rover (space exploration), planetary r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structure From Motion
Structure from motion (SfM) is a photogrammetric range imaging technique for estimating three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional image sequences that may be coupled with local motion signals. It is a classic problem studied in the fields of computer vision and visual perception. In computer vision, the problem of SfM is to design an algorithm to perform this task. In visual perception, the problem of SfM is to find an algorithm by which biological creatures perform this task. Principle Humans perceive a great deal of information about the three-dimensional structure in their environment by moving around it. When the observer moves, objects around them move different amounts depending on their distance from the observer. This is known as motion parallax, and this depth information can be used to generate an accurate 3D representation of the world around them. Finding structure from motion presents a similar problem to finding structure from stereo vision. In both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collinearity Equation
The collinearity equations are a set of two equations, used in photogrammetry and computer stereo vision, to relate coordinates in a sensor plane (in two dimensions) to object coordinates (in three dimensions). The equations originate from the Projection (mathematics), central projection of a point of the 3D modeling, object through the Cardinal point (optics)#Principal planes and points, optical centre of the pinhole camera, camera to the image on the sensor plane. Definition Let x, y, and z refer to a coordinate system with the x- and y-axis in the sensor plane. Denote the coordinates of the point P on the object by x_P,y_P,z_P, the coordinates of the image point of P on the sensor plane by ''x'' and ''y'' and the coordinates of the projection (optical) centre by x_0,y_0,z_0. As a consequence of the projection method there is the same fixed ratio \lambda between x-x_0 and x_0-x_P, y-y_0 and y_0-y_P, and the distance of the projection centre to the sensor plane z_0=c and z ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stereoscopy
Stereoscopy, also called stereoscopics or stereo imaging, is a technique for creating or enhancing the depth perception, illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. The word ''stereoscopy'' derives . Any stereoscopic image is called a stereogram. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair of stereo images which could be viewed using a stereoscope. Most stereoscopic methods present a pair of two-dimensional images to the viewer. The left image is presented to the left eye and the right image is presented to the right eye. When viewed, the human brain perceives the images as a single 3D view, giving the viewer the perception of Three-dimensional space, 3D depth. However, the 3D effect lacks proper focal depth, which gives rise to the Vergence-accommodation conflict. Stereoscopy is distinguished from other types of 3d display#3D displays, 3D displays that display an image in Three-dimensional space, three full dimensions, allowing the observer to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adjustment Of Observations
Least-squares adjustment is a model for the solution of an overdetermined system of equations based on the principle of least squares of observation residuals. It is used extensively in the disciplines of surveying, geodesy, and photogrammetry—the field of geomatics, collectively. Formulation There are three forms of least squares adjustment: ''parametric'', ''conditional'', and ''combined'': * In parametric adjustment, one can find an observation equation relating observations explicitly in terms of parameters (leading to the A-model below). * In conditional adjustment, there exists a condition equation which is involving only observations (leading to the B-model below) — with no parameters at all. * Finally, in a combined adjustment, both parameters and observations are involved implicitly in a mixed-model equation . Clearly, parametric and conditional adjustments correspond to the more general combined case when and , respectively. Yet the special cases warrant simp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
