|
Ab Anbar
An ''ab anbar'' (, literally "cistern") is a traditional reservoir or cistern of drinking water in Greater Iran. Structure To withstand the pressure the water exerts on the containers of the storage tank, the storage itself was built below ground level. This also provides resistance to earthquakes as many cities in Iran lie in earthquake prone areas. Since almost all ab anbars are subterranean structures capped barely above ground level, they inherently possess stable structures. The construction material used for ab anbars were very tough and extensively used a special mortar called '' sarooj'' which was made of sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, depending on location and climate of the city. This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable. The walls of the storage were often 2 meters thick, and special bricks had to be used. These bricks were especially baked for ab anbars and were called ''Ajor Ab anbari''. Some ab anbars ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yakhchāl
A yakhchāl ( 'ice pit'; ''yakh'' meaning 'ice' and ''chāl'' meaning 'pit') is an ancient type of Ice house (building), ice house, which also made ice. They are primarily found in the Dasht-e Lut and Dasht-e-Kavir deserts, whose climates range from cold desert climate, cold (BWk) to hot desert climate, hot (BWh) desert regions. In present-day Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, the term ''yakhchāl'' is also used to refer to modern Refrigerator, refrigerators. The structure typically had a domed shape above ground, a subterranean storage space, shade walls, and ice pools. It was often used to store ice, but sometimes was used to store food as well as produce ice. The subterranean space and thick heat-resistant construction material insulated the storage space year-round. These structures were mainly built and used since ancient times in Iran, Persia. History Records indicate that these structures were built as far back as 400 BCE, and many that were built hundreds of years ago r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Architecture In Iran
Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (, ''Me'māri e Irāni'') is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BC with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Persian buildings vary greatly in scale and function, from vernacular architecture to monumental complexes. In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as the capital Tehran has brought about a wave of demolition and new construction. According to American historian and archaeologist Arthur Upham Pope, Arthur Pope, the supreme Iranian art, in the proper meaning of the word, has always been its architecture. The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre- and post-Islamic periods. Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, from a variety of traditions and experience. Without sudden innovatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reservoirs In Iran
Major dam construction started in Iran in the 1950s. Some fourteen large dams were built with the help of foreign engineers and advisors during two decades preceding the Islamic Revolution in 1979. In the post-revolution era, Iran's dam building capacity was significantly strengthened, with some 200 contracting companies, 70 consultant firms and 30 corporations as well as hundreds of hydroelectric manufacturing units having been established inside of Iran in less than three decades. In addition to the necessity of generating electricity, Iran needs dams to effectively control and manage a growing water shortage across the country. Iran was constructing 88 small and large dams in 2007. On average, close to two billion cubic meters of water are added to the country's water reserves annually. As of 2010, Iran has constructed 588 |
Cultural Heritage Organization Of Iran
The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Iran () is an educational and research institution overseeing numerous associated museum complexes throughout Iran. It is administered and funded by the Government of Iran. It was first established in 1985 by legislation from the Majlis merging 11 research and cultural organizations. In 2019, the Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO) was converted into the Ministry. The current Minister has been Reza Salehi Amiri since 21 August 2024. Locations Select list of notable museums and palaces overseen by ICHTO, listed in alphabetical order. *Abgineh Museum of Tehran (Glassware and Ceramics Museum of Iran) * Arg-e Bam * Carpet Museum of Iran *Golestan Palace * Iranian National Museum of Medical Sciences History * Malek National Museum of Iran *Naqsh-e Jahan Square * National Car Museum of Iran *National Museum of Iran * Niavaran Palace Complex * Pars Museum of Shiraz *Pearl Palace (Morvar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Herald Tribune
The ''International Herald Tribune'' (''IHT'') was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers. It published under the name ''International Herald Tribune'' starting in 1967, but its origins as an international newspaper trace back to 1887. Sold in over 160 countries, the ''International Herald Tribune'' produced a large amount of content until it became the second incarnation of ''The International New York Times'' in 2013, 10 years after The New York Times Company became its sole owner. Early years In 1887, James Gordon Bennett Jr. created a Paris edition of his newspaper the '' New York Herald'' with offices at 49, avenue de l'Opéra. He called it the ''Paris Herald''. When Bennett Jr. died, the Herald and its Paris edition came under the control of Frank Munsey. In 1924, Munsey sold the paper to the family of Ogden Reid, owners of the '' New-York Tribune'', creating the '' New York Herald Tribune'', while t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Ab Anbars Of Qazvin
Qazvin is known to have had close to, or in excess of 100 drinking water reservoirs called ''ab anbars'' before modernization in the 20th century. Only ten remain fully intact today. All are protected as national cultural heritage relics. The extant ab anbars of Qazvin are: *Ab anbar of Jame’ mosque Built in 1682 (1093 AH lunar) during the reign of Shah Suleyman I Safavi, located next to the Jame’ (congregation) mosque, with the benefactor listed as Ali Khan-e Nāmi (6, 410). This ab anbar has a second private stairway that opens directly into the tank, for lay-rubi. The '' Sarooj'' covered walls are 2.4 meters thick (3, 80) surrounding all sides of the tank. * Ab anbar of Sardar e Bozorg Two brothers by the names of Mohammad Hasan Khan and Mohammad Hosein Qoli Khan e Sardar who were commanders of The Qajar monarch Fath-ali shah's army make a vow to build a mosque, school, and ab anbar in the driest part of the city (3, 81) if they return victorious from a battle against ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traditional Water Sources Of Persian Antiquity
Most rivers in Iran are seasonal and have traditionally not been able to supply the needs of urban settlements. Major rivers like the Arvand, Aras, Zayandeh, Sefid and Atrak were few and far between in Persia. With the growth of urban settlements during the ages, locally dug deep wells (up to 100 meters deep) could no longer keep up with the demand, leading to the systematic digging of a specialized network of canals known as Qanat. Qanat and Kariz Persia's Qanat system is thousands of years old. The city Zarch in central Iran has the oldest and longest Qanat (over 3000 years and 71 km long) and other 3000 years old Qanats have been found in northern Iran. The Qanats mostly came in from higher elevations, and were split into a distributing network of smaller underground canals called kariz when reaching the city. Like Qanats, these smaller canals were below ground (~20 steps), and were built such that they were very difficult to contaminate. These underground aqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johad
A johad, also known as a pokhar or a percolation pond, is a community-owned traditional harvested rainwater storage wetland principally used for effectively harnessing water resources in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh of North India, that collects and stores water throughout the year, to be used for the purpose of recharging the groundwater in the nearby water wells, washing, bathing and drinking by humans and cattle.Haruka Yanagisawa, 2015Community, Commons and Natural Resource Management in Asia:/ref>Video: How India's 'Water Man' first revived a river and a village in Rajasthan Scroll.in, 23 Mar 2015.Amanda Suutari and Gerry Marten [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Water Supply And Sanitation
The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistics, logistical challenge to provide Water supply, clean water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization. Where water resources, infrastructure or sanitation systems were insufficient, diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely. Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh surface water was plentiful, such as near rivers or natural springs. Throughout history, people have devised systems to make getting water into their communities and households and disposing of (and later also treating) wastewater more convenient. The historical focus of sewage treatment was on the conveyance of raw sewage to a natural body of water, e.g. a river or ocean, where it would be diluted and dissipated. Early human habitations were often built next to water sources. Rivers would often serve as a crude form of natural sewage disposal. Over the millennia, technology has dramatically increased the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
