|
Ziparwa
Ziparwa, originally known as Zaparwa, was the head of the pantheon of the Palaians, inhabitants of a region of northern Anatolia known as Pala (Anatolia), Pala in the Bronze Age. It is often assumed that he was a weather god in origin, though he was also associated with vegetation. Information about the worship of Ziparwa comes exclusively from Hittite texts, though some of them indicate that formulas in Palaic language, Palaic were used during festivals dedicated to him held in Hittite cities such as Hattusa. Name and character Ziparwa was the head of the "extremely heterogenous" pantheon of the Palaic peoples, Palaians, speakers of Palaic language, Palaic, a language closely related to Hittite language, Hittite and Luwian language, Luwian. In the Bronze Age they inhabited Pala (Anatolia), Pala, a northern region of Anatolia which later came to be known as Paphlagonia. The original Palaic form of Ziparwa's name, Zaparwa, was spelled in cuneiform as ''dingir, dZa-pár-waa(-a)-'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kataḫzipuri
Kataḫzipuri (also known as Kataḫziwuri) was a goddess worshiped by Hattians, Hittites and Pala (Anatolia), Palaians in Bronze Age Anatolia. She was associated with magic, and was commonly invoked in rituals dealing with healing and purification. She was closely associated with Kamrušepa. In Palaic religion she formed a pair with Ziparwa and headed the pantheon alongside him. Name and character The theonym Kataḫzipuri has Hattic language, Hattic origin. Multiple spellings reflecting two variant forms, Kataḫzipuri and Kataḫziwuri, are attested in Hittite cuneiform, cuneiform texts discovered during excavations in Boğazköy (Hattusa) and Ortaköy (Šapinuwa). Gabrielle Frantz-Szabó assumes it is derived from the words ''kattaḫ'', "queen", and ''pur'', "land". Oğuz Soysal disagrees with this interpretation and notes that in contrast with ''kattaḫ'', Kataḫzipuri's name was always written with a single ''t''. He speculatively suggests that it might mean "evil under th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palaic Mythology
Palaic is an extinct Indo-European language, attested in cuneiform tablets in Bronze Age Hattusa, the capital of the Hittites. Palaic, which was apparently spoken mainly in northern Anatolia, is generally considered to be one of four primary sub-divisions of the Anatolian languages, alongside Hittite (central Anatolia), Luwic (southern Anatolia) and Lydian (western Anatolia). Its name in Hittite is ''palaumnili'', or "of the people of Pala"; Pala was probably to the northwest of the Hittite core area, so in the northwest of present mainland Turkey. The region was overrun by the Kaskians in the 15th century BC, and the language likely went out of daily use at that time. Sources The entire corpus of Palaic spans only CTH 751-754 in Emmanuel Laroche's catalog of Hittite texts; in addition Hittite texts elsewhere cite passages in Palaic in reference to the weather god Zaparwa ( Hittite Ziparwa), the leading god of the land of Pala. In particular, CTH 750, a festival in Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taru (god)
Taru was a weather god worshiped in ancient Anatolia by Hattians. He was associated with the bull, and could be depicted in the form of this animal. It is presumed that the names of the Hittite and Luwian weather gods, Tarḫunna and Tarḫunz, while etymologically Indo-European, were meant to resemble Taru's as a result of Hattian cultural influence on other cultures of the region. Name and character Taru was the Hattian weather god. The term "Hattian" refers to the native inhabitants of the northern part of ancient Anatolia. As a weather god, he was believed to control phenomena such as thunder and lightning; additionally he was responsible for the well-being of people and animals, and for the growth of plants. A hymn dedicated to him, ''awan kaitgaḫillu dTaru elli lipḫaippin'', most likely focuses on guaranteeing the flourishing of grain (''kait''). In cuneiform Taru's name was written as ''dTa-a-ru'', ''dDa-a-ru'' or sporadically ''dŠa-a-ru'' . It could also be repres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiyad
Tiyaz or Tiyad was the sun god of the Palaians, regarded as the third most important deity in their pantheon. He was also incorporated into the Hittite religion. He appears in a ritual written in Palaic, though presumed to belong to a Hittite corpus, in which he is implored to anoint the king. After the fall of the Hittite Empire, he might have been worshiped by Phrygians. Name Attested forms of the name of the Palaic sun god include Tiyaz and Tiyad. The spelling Tiwat, while present in some academic publications, is considered erroneous. It is presumed his name could also be represented by the Sumerogram dUTU, much like those of other solar deities mentioned in Hittite sources, such as Hurrian Šimige or Hattian Ištanu. The theonym Tiyaz is derived from the Indo-European root '' diēu(-ot)-'', "(heavenly) light", and is a cognate of Luwian Tiwaz. In Hittite, the same root only formed the basis of the common words ''šiwat'', "day", and ''šiuš'', "god", while more distan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palaic Peoples
Palaic is an extinct Indo-European language, attested in cuneiform tablets in Bronze Age Hattusa, the capital of the Hittites. Palaic, which was apparently spoken mainly in northern Anatolia, is generally considered to be one of four primary sub-divisions of the Anatolian languages, alongside Hittite (central Anatolia), Luwic (southern Anatolia) and Lydian (western Anatolia). Its name in Hittite is ''palaumnili'', or "of the people of Pala"; Pala was probably to the northwest of the Hittite core area, so in the northwest of present mainland Turkey. The region was overrun by the Kaskians in the 15th century BC, and the language likely went out of daily use at that time. Sources The entire corpus of Palaic spans only CTH 751-754 in Emmanuel Laroche's catalog of Hittite texts; in addition Hittite texts elsewhere cite passages in Palaic in reference to the weather god Zaparwa ( Hittite Ziparwa), the leading god of the land of Pala. In particular, CTH 750, a festival in Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḫašamili
Ḫašamili (also romanized as Ḫašammili; the variant Ḫašameli appears in the text CTH 617) was a god worshiped in Bronze Age Anatolia. He originated in religious beliefs of the Hattians, and later came to be incorporated into the Hittite, Palaic and Luwian pantheons. He was regarded as a protective household deity, and was additionally associated with metalworking. He appears in the myth of , but his role in it is not fully understood. Name and character The theonym Ḫašamili originates in the Hattic language. Multiple phonetic spellings are attested in cuneiform texts in Hattic, Hittite and Palaic. Ḫašamili's character is not fully understood. Volkert Haas considered him primarily an apotropaic deity responsible for the protection of children. According to he was regarded as a household deity responsible for the well-being of families, and in that capacity was closely associated with Zilipuri. It is also assumed that he was a smithing god. He is described as a " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sun Goddess Of Arinna
The Sun goddess of Arinna, also sometimes identified as Arinniti or as Wuru(n)šemu, is the chief Goddess of Hittite mythology. Her companion is the weather god Tarḫunna. She protected the Hittite kingdom and was called the "Queen of all lands." Her cult centre was the sacred city of Arinna. In addition to the Sun goddess of Arinna, the Hittites also worshipped the Sun goddess of the Earth and the Sun god of Heaven, while the Luwians originally worshipped the old Proto-Indo-European Sun god Tiwaz. It appears that in the northern cultural sphere of the early Hittites, there was no male solar deity. Distinguishing the various solar deities in the texts is difficult since most are simply written with the Sumerogram dUTU (Solar deity). As a result, the interpretation of the solar deities remains a subject of debate. Family and myths The Sun goddess of Arinna and the weather god Tarḫunna formed a pair and together they occupied the highest position in the Hittite state's pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarḫunna
Tarḫunna or Tarḫuna/i was the Hittite weather god. He was also referred to as the "Weather god of Heaven" or the "Lord of the Land of Hatti". Name Tarḫunna is a cognate of the Hittite verb ''tarḫu-zi'', "to prevail, conquer, be powerful, be able, defeat"; from the Proto-Anatolian weather god ''*Tṛḫu-ent-,'' "conquering"; ultimately from PIE ''*terh₂-'', "to cross over, pass through, overcome". The same name was used in almost all Anatolian languages: Luwian '' Tarḫunz-''; Carian ''Trquδ-''; Milyan ''Trqqñt-'', and Lycian: ''Trqqas'' (A), ''Trqqiz'' (B). Norbert Oettinger has argued that the functions of the Anatolian weather god ultimately come from the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwunos, but that they did not preserve the old name to coin instead the new epithet ''Tṛḫu-ent-'' ("conquering"), which sounded close to the name of the Hattian Storm-god ''Taru''. Role As weather god, Tarḫunna was responsible for the various manifestations of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Å uppiluliuma I
Šuppiluliuma I, also Suppiluliuma () or Suppiluliumas (died c. 1322 BC) () was an ancient Hittite king (r. –1322 BC).Bryce 2005: xv, 154; Freu 2007b: 311 dates the reign to c. 1350–c. 1319 BC; Kuhrt 1995: 230 dates him within the range 1370–1322 BC. Even before assuming the throne, Šuppiluliuma distinguished himself as a military commander protecting and reclaiming Hittite territories after a period of foreign attacks. Once king, he continued this program of consolidation and expansion, both in Anatolia and in Syria, with a great deal of success. Victories over a major rival, the Upper- Mesopotamian kingdom of Mittani, led to the extension of Hittite authority over a bevy of petty kingdoms in northern Syria, the installation of the Hittite king's younger sons as local viceroys at Aleppo and Carchemish, and the rump of the Mittanian state itself became effectively a dependency of the Hittite Kingdom. Relations with Egypt vacillated between friendship and hostility, culm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luwian Religion
Luwian religion was the religious and mythological beliefs and practices of the Luwians, an Indo-European people of Asia Minor, which is detectable from the Bronze Age until the early Roman Empire. It was strongly affected by foreign influence in all periods and it is not possible to clearly separate it from neighbouring cultures, particularly Syrian and Hurrian religion. The Indo-European element in the Luwian religion was stronger than in the neighbouring Hittite religion. Periodisation The Luwian religion can be divided into two periods: the Bronze Age period and the Iron Age or Late Luwian period. During the Bronze Age, the Luwians were under the control of the Hittites. They spoke the Luwian language, a close relative of the Hittite language. Although a hieroglyphic script existed in the Bronze Age, which was used for writing Luwian, there are only a few known religious texts of the Luwians from the Bronze Age. After the collapse of the Hittite empire, several Late Luwian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
