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West Bomberai Languages
The (Greater) West Bomberai languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea and in East Timor and neighboring islands of Indonesia. Languages Of the three languages on the mainland, Baham and Iha are closely related to each other while the third is distant, forming a third branch of the family along with the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages: * Mbahaam–Iha: Baham (Mbaham), Iha * Kalamang ( Karas) * Timor–Alor–Pantar This split, with two of the three branches on the mainland, suggests that Timor–Alor–Pantar may be the result of a relatively recent migration from New Guinea, perhaps arriving in the Timor area shortly before the Austronesian languages did, as Austronesian influence post-dates Proto–West Bomberai and even Proto-Timor–Alor–Pantar. History of classification Wurm, Voorhoeve & McElhanon included Timor–Alor–Pantar and mainland West Bomberai as separate stocks within Trans–New Guinea. Ross ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West New Guinea
Western New Guinea, also known as Papua, Indonesian New Guinea, and Indonesian Papua, is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly Dutch and granted to Indonesia in 1962. Given the island is alternatively named Papua, the region is also called West Papua (). It is one of the seven geographical units of Indonesia in ISO 3166-2:ID. Lying to the west of Papua New Guinea and geographically a part of the Australian continent, the territory is almost entirely in the Southern Hemisphere and includes the Biak and Raja Ampat archipelagoes. The region is predominantly covered with rainforest where traditional peoples live, including the Dani of the Baliem Valley. A large proportion of the population live in or near coastal areas. The largest city is Jayapura. The island of New Guinea has been populated for tens of thousands of years. European traders began frequenting the region around the late 16th century due to spice trade. In the end, the Dutch Empire emerge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Timor
Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the coastal exclave of Oecusse in the island's northwest, and the outer islands of Atauro and Jaco. Timor-Leste shares a land border with Indonesia to the west, and Australia is the country's southern neighbour, across the Timor Sea. The country's size is . Dili, on the north coast of Timor, is its capital and largest city. Timor was settled over time by various Papuan and Austronesian peoples, which created a diverse mix of cultures and languages linked to both Southeast Asia and Melanesia. East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975. Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation. The subsequent Indonesian occupation was characterised by extreme abuses of human ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans–New Guinea Languages
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive Language family, family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands, a region corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as Western New Guinea, parts of Indonesia. Trans–New Guinea is perhaps the List of language families#By number of languages, third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people. There have been several main proposals as to its internal classification. History of the proposal Although Papuan languages for the most part are poorly documented, several of the branches of Trans–New Guinea have been recognized for some time. The Eleman languages were first proposed by S. Ray in 1907, parts of Marind languages, Marind were recognized by Ray and JHP Murray in 1918, and the Rai Coast languages in 1919, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berau Gulf Languages
The Berau Gulf languages form a high-level branch of the Trans–New Guinea language family in the classification of Timothy Usher. They are spoken along the coasts of the Berau Gulf of western New Guinea (southwestern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula, the northern coast of the Bomberai Peninsula and the entirety of the Fakfak Peninsula), as well as the islands of Timor (primarily East Timor), Alor and Pantar further west. The constituent families are, * West Bomberai (including the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages The Timor–Alor–Pantar (TAP) languages are a language family, family of languages spoken in Timor, Kisar, and the Alor archipelago in Southern Indonesia. It is the westernmost Papuan languages, Papuan language family that survives (see Tambor ...) * South Bird's Head (North Berau Gulf) *'' Mor'' References {{reflist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalamang Language
Kalamang, sometimes also called Karas, is a divergent Trans–New Guinea language spoken on the biggest of the Karas Islands off the Bomberai Peninsula, that is part of the West Bomberai family. It is spoken in Antalisa and Mas villages on Karas Island. Phonology * The consonants /f/ and /h/ are marginal. * The vowels /a e i/ are reduced to �in unstressed syllables in fast or casual speech. Additionally, the following diphthongs are present: /ei/, /oi/, /ou/, /ui/. Pronouns Cowan (1953) records the following pronouns for Karas. Visser (2020) records the following pronouns for Karas of Maas village: The free possessives and possessive suffixes can occur together. Machine Translation from One Book In 2023, Kalamang was used by machine learning researchers for a benchmark called "Machine Translation from One Book". It was chosen because of its negligible presence in the Internet and because field research materials were collected by Eline Visser, who published "A gra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mbahaam–Iha Languages
The Mbahaam–Iha languages are a pair of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea. The two languages, Baham (Mbaham) and Iha, are closely related to each other. Proto-language Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant and vowel inventories as: : Prenasalized plosives do not occur initially, having merged with the voiceless plosives. The vowels are *i *u *ɛ *ɔ *a and the diphthongs *iɛ *ɛi. Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the free pronouns as: : Basic vocabulary Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are: : Protoforms of the 20 most-stable itemsHolman, Eric W., Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Viveka Velupillai, André Müller, Dik Bakker (2008). "Explorations in Automated Language Classification". Folia Linguistica, Vol. 42, no. 2, 331–354 in the Swadesh list A Swadesh list () is a compilation of cultural universal, tentatively universal concepts for the purposes of lexicostatistics. That is, a Swadesh list is a l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timor–Alor–Pantar Languages
The Timor–Alor–Pantar (TAP) languages are a language family, family of languages spoken in Timor, Kisar, and the Alor archipelago in Southern Indonesia. It is the westernmost Papuan languages, Papuan language family that survives (see Tambora language, Tambora), and one of two such outlier families in east Nusantara (the other being the North Halmahera languages, North Halmahera family). The first classification attempts linked Timor–Alor–Pantar to North Halmahera, as well as other members of the proposed West Papuan languages, West Papuan phylum. The two families are arguably the only linguistic groups that can be linked to the Papuan families of Melanesia, none of which have demonstrable relatives outside of Oceania. More recent proposals have considered Timor–Alor–Pantar to be part of the Trans-New Guinea languages, Trans–New Guinea phylum. However, Holton and Klamer (2018) classify Timor–Alor–Pantar as an independent language family, as they did not find con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papuan Languages
The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands in Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and East Timor. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship. New Guinea is the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there arguably are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to any other languages, plus many language isolates. The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor and the Alor archipelago to the west. The westernmost language, Tambora in Sumbawa, is extinct. One Papuan language, Meriam, is spoken within the national borders of Australia, in the eastern Torres Strait. Several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bomberai Peninsula
Bomberai Peninsula () is located in the Western New Guinea region. It is south of the Bird's Head Peninsula, and Bintuni Bay separates the two peninsulas. To the west lies the Sebakor Bay and to the south Kamrau Bay. On the southeast Arguni Bay lies between the peninsula and the Bird's Neck Isthmus. Sabuda island lies off the western tip of the peninsula, and is separated from the mainland by Berau and Bintuni straits. Geography The entire peninsula is covered by a dense tropical rainforest. Most of the peninsula consists of a marshy plain, covered in lowland rainforest. There are smaller areas of montane rainforest in the Fakfak and Kumawa mountains along the peninsula's western edge. Together with the eastern region of Bird's Head Peninsula and offshore islands, the Bomberai Peninsula forms the Indonesian province of West Papua (). The western part of the peninsula is part of Fakfak Regency, the north belongs to Teluk Bintuni Regency and the southeast to Kaiman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baham Language
Baham, also rendered Mbahaam, is a Papuan language spoken by the Mbaham Matta people (primarily Mbaham) of the Bomberai Peninsula Bomberai Peninsula () is located in the Western New Guinea region. It is south of the Bird's Head Peninsula, and Bintuni Bay separates the two peninsulas. To the west lies the Sebakor Bay and to the south Kamrau Bay. On the southeast Arguni ... in West Papua Province, Indonesia. It is closely related to the Iha language. Distribution Locations within Fak-Fak Regency: *Fak-Fak Barat District: Werba, Wayati, Kwama, Kotam, Wanbar, Waserat, Sangram, Urat, Kriabisa, Tunas Gain, Saharei, Weni, Kinam, Kirawaswas, Wabu, Was *Fak-Fak Timur District *Kokas District Pronouns Baham pronouns (Flassy et al. 1987) References Further reading * Languages of Western New Guinea West Bomberai languages {{TNG-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iha Language
Iha (Matta, Kapaur) is a Papuan language spoken by the Mbaham-Matta people (primarily Matta) of the Bomberai Peninsula in West Papua Province, Indonesia. It is the basis of a pidgin A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified form of contact language that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn f ... used as the local trade language. Phonology * Marginal phonemes are in parentheses. * /i a/ can also have allophones � ə Pronouns Flassy and Animung (1992) list the following pronouns for Iha.Flassy, Don A.L. and Lisidius Animung. 1992. Struktur Bahasa Iha. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. References Languages of Western New Guinea West Bomberai languages {{TNG-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austronesian Languages
The Austronesian languages ( ) are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples). They are spoken by about 328 million people (4.4% of the world population). This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include Malay (around 250–270 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard named " Indonesian"), Javanese, Sundanese, Tagalog (standardized as Filipino), Malagasy and Cebuano. According to some estimates, the family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family. In 1706, the Dutch scholar Adriaan Reland first observed similarities between the languages spoken in the Malay Archipelago and by peoples on islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the 19th century, researchers (e.g. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Herman van der Tuuk) started to apply the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
