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War Of The Reunions
The War of the Reunions (1683–84) was a conflict between France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, with limited involvement by Genoa. It can be seen as a continuation of the War of Devolution (1667–1668) and the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), which were driven by Louis XIV's determination to establish defensible boundaries along France's northern and eastern borders. Despite the peace established by the 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen, Louis retained a large army, an action extremely unusual in the period. In 1681, his troops seized Strasbourg and in 1682 occupied the Principality of Orange, then a possession of William of Orange. When hostilities began in 1683, French support for the Ottomans in their war with Austria allowed Louis to capture Luxembourg and consolidate his position in Alsace. The Truce of Ratisbon that ended the conflict marked the high water mark of French territorial gains under Louis XIV. Afterwards, his opponents would recognize the need for unity in order ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis XIV
LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reigning monarchs, longest of any monarch in history. An emblem of the Absolutism (European history), age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's legacy includes French colonial empire, French colonial expansion, the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War involving the Habsburgs, and a controlling influence on the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, style of fine arts and architecture in France, including the transformation of the Palace of Versailles into a center of royal power and politics. Louis XIV's pageantry and opulence helped define the French Baroque architecture, French Baroque style of art and architecture and promoted his image as absolute ruler of France in the early modern period. Louis XIV began his personal rule of France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernardin Gigault De Bellefonds
Bernardin Gigault, Marquis de Bellefonds (20 June 1630 – 4 December 1694) was a French nobleman, military officer and courtier who was appointed Marshal of France in 1668 and held a number of senior positions in the personal household of King Louis XIV. Early life While the family came from Bellefonds, in the central French department of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bernadin's branch settled in Chef-du-Pont, near Valognes, Valognes, in Normandy. His paternal grandfather Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds (1580–1639) was Governor of Valognes and Caen; his grandmother Jeanne Suzanne aux-Épaules (?–1652) was the daughter of Henri-Robert-aux-Épaules, ''Lieutenant général du roi'' in Normandy. Bernadin was the only child of Henri-Robert Gigault (?–1643), also Governor of Valognes and Caen, and his wife, Marie d'Avoynes (d. 1634), who brought the Servigny properties into the family. His father was one of eight and he had a wide circle of relatives in Normandy and Acquitaine. Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William III Of England
William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of County of Holland, Holland, County of Zeeland, Zeeland, Lordship of Utrecht, Utrecht, Guelders, and Lordship of Overijssel, Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672, and List of English monarchs, King of England, Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland, and List of Scottish monarchs, Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702. He ruled Great Britain and Ireland with his wife, Queen Mary II, and their joint reign is known as that of William and Mary. William was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, Mary, Princess Royal, the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His father died a week before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. In 1677, he Cousin marriage, married his first cousin Mary, the elder daughter of his maternal u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principality Of Orange
The Principality of Orange (French language, French: Principauté d'Orange) was, from 1163 to 1713, a feudal state in Provence, in the south of modern-day France, on the east bank of the river Rhone, north of the city of Avignon, and surrounded by the independent papal state of Comtat Venaissin. It was constituted in 1163, when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I elevated the Kingdom of Burgundy, Burgundian County of Orange (consisting of the Orange, Vaucluse, city of Orange and the land surrounding it) to a imperial immediacy, sovereign principality within the Empire. The principality became part of the scattered holdings of the house of Orange-Nassau from the time that William the Silent inherited the title of Prince of Orange from René of Châlon, his cousin in 1544, until it was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Treaty of Utrecht. Although permanently lost by the Nassaus then, this fief gave its name to the exta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strasbourg
Strasbourg ( , ; ; ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est Regions of France, region of Geography of France, eastern France, in the historic region of Alsace. It is the prefecture of the Bas-Rhin Departments of France, department and the Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, official seat of the European Parliament. The city has about three hundred thousand inhabitants, and together Eurométropole de Strasbourg, Greater Strasbourg and the arrondissement of Strasbourg have over five hundred thousand. Strasbourg's functional area (France), metropolitan area had a population of 860,744 in 2020, making it the eighth-largest metro area in France and home to 14% of the Grand Est region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau Eurodistrict, Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of roughly 1,000,000 in 2022. Strasbourg is one of the ''de facto'' four main capitals of the European Union (alongside Brussels, Luxembourg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Nijmegen
The Treaties or Peace of Nijmegen (; ; ) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679. The treaties ended various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire. The most significant of the treaties was the first, which established peace between France and the Dutch Republic and placed the northern border of France very near its modern position. Background The Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78 was the source of all the other wars that were ended formally at Nijmegen. Separate peace treaties were arranged for conflicts like the Third Anglo-Dutch War and the Scanian War, but all of them had been directly caused by and form part of the Franco-Dutch War. England initially participated in the war on the French side but withdrew in 1674, after the Treaty of Westminster. The Electorate of Cologne left the war in 1674, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franco-Dutch War
The Franco-Dutch War, 1672 to 1678, was primarily fought by Kingdom of France, France and the Dutch Republic, with both sides backed at different times by a variety of allies. Related conflicts include the 1672 to 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War and 1675 to 1679 Scanian War. In May 1672, France nearly overran the Netherlands, an event remembered in Dutch history as the ''Rampjaar'', or "Disaster Year". However, by late July the position had stabilised, while concern over French gains brought the Dutch support from Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Leopold I, Habsburg Spain, Spain and Brandenburg-Prussia. Previously an ally of France, Kingdom of England, England Treaty of Westminster (1674), exited the war in February 1674. Now facing a war of attrition on several fronts, Louis XIV of France instead focused on strengthening French borders with the Spanish Netherlands and Rhineland, while a coalition led by William III of England, William of Orange sought to minimise any losses. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Of Devolution
The War of Devolution took place from May 1667 to May 1668. In the course of the war, Kingdom of France, France occupied large parts of the Spanish Netherlands and County of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, both then provinces of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Habsburg Spain, Spain. Its name derives from an obscure law known as the ''Jus Devolutionis'', used by Louis XIV to claim that these territories had "devolved" to him by right of marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain. The French encountered minimal resistance, but Louis returned much of their gains in the May 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The terms were agreed by Emperor Leopold I in January 1668, reinforced by the Triple Alliance (1668), Triple Alliance of Kingdom of England, England, Swedish Empire, Sweden and the Dutch Republic. The French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands marked the end of the long-standing Franco-Dutch alliance, and was the first of Louis XIV's wars of expansion that domin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernesto Alejandro Domingo De Croy Ligne, Prince Of Chimay
Ernest Alexandre Dominique d’Arenberg (26 December 1643 – 3 June 1686 in Pamplona) was the 10th Prince of Chimay and a member of the Sovereign House of Arenberg. He was in Spanish service and, among other things, Governor of the Duchy of Luxembourg and Viceroy of Navarre. Life He was the son of Philippe of Arenberg, 9th prince de Chimay, former governor of the Duchy of Luxembourg. His mother was Theodora Maximilienne van Gaveren Herimez. After his father's death, he was entitled de Ligne, Duc d’Arenberg, Prince de Chimay, Comte de Beaumont et de Frezin, Baron de Hallwyn et de Commines, Seigneur d’Avesnes and Pair de Hainaut. Like his father, he was in the service of the Spanish King in the Spanish Netherlands and from 1680 to 1684 was Governor and Captain-general of the Duchy of Luxembourg and the County of Chiny. Since 1675 he was also a Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In the same year he married Maria de Cardenas in Madrid, a Lady-in-Waiting of the Spani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Von Bournonville
Alexander von Bournonville, Alexander de Bournonville, Alexander II Hyppolite, Prince of Bournonville and third Count of Hénin-Liétard (Brussels, 5 January 1616 – Pamplona, 20 August 1690) was a Flemish military commander. He held the titles of Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Viceroy of Catalonia (1678–1685) and Viceroy of Navarre (1686–1691). He was the son of Alexander I de Bournonville, count of Henin, Order of the Golden Fleece (1585–1656) and Anne de Melun (1590–1666). He married with María Ernestina of Arenberg, daughter of Philippe-Charles, 3rd Count of Arenberg and had 3 daughters and a son Alexander III de Bournonville (1662–1705), his successor. He fought for the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War and then for Spain in the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), where he distinguished himself in the Battle of Arras (1654) and the Battle of Valenciennes (1656). He was awarded on 12 July 1658, in Madrid, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottone Enrico Del Caretto, Marquis Of Savona
Ottone Enrico del Caretto or Del Carretto, Marquis of Grana (Free Imperial City of Cologne 5 April 1639 – Mariemont, Hainaut 15 June 1685) was an Imperial Army commander and political figure. Early life Descendant from the old Italian noble Del Carretto family, he was the son of Don Francesco del Carretto, Marquis of Grana, Count of Millesimo (1590-1652) and his second wife, Anna Eusebia Teufel von Guntersdorf (1613–1644). The first marriage of his father to Margarethe Fugger zu Nordendorff und Wörth (1592-1652) had been annulled in 1629, Francesco remarried in 1632 to Anna Eusebia. Otto′s father Francesco served as Imperial general under Ottavio Piccolomini and became Imperial ambassador in Madrid in 1641. When his father and his oldest brother Ferdinand both died in 1651, Otto became titular Margrave of Savona, Marquis of Grana, Count of Millesimo, etc. Biography He became instantly famous on 11 August 1675 in the Battle of Konzer Brucke, he engaged the right fla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
