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Victoria Tunnel (Newcastle)
The Victoria Tunnel is a subterranean waggonway, wagonway that runs under Newcastle upon Tyne, England, from the Town Moor down to the River Tyne. It was built between 1839 and 1842 to transport coal from Leazes Main Colliery in Spital Tongues, to riverside wharf, staithes (jetties), ready for loading onto boats for export. The tunnel was driven through boulder clay, and formed by a base course of stone supporting a brick arch. Loaded wagons descended the incline of the tunnel under their own weight, and were rope-hauled back to the Coal mining, colliery by a stationary engine. The colliery closed in January 1860 and the tunnel was abandoned until the start of the World War II, Second World War, when it was converted for use as an air-raid shelter. The tunnel is in length with a maximum depth of and drops from entrance to exit. It remains largely intact. History Victorian wagonway When it opened in 1835, the Leazes Main or Spital Tongues colliery was one of many Coa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Newcastle Upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle ( , Received Pronunciation, RP: ), is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located on the River Tyne's northern bank opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England. Newcastle developed around a Roman Empire, Roman settlement called Pons Aelius. The settlement became known as ''Monkchester'' before taking on the name of The Castle, Newcastle, a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle was historically part of the county of Northumberland, but governed as a county corporate after 1400. In 1974, Newcastle became part of the newly-created metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear. The local authority is Newcastle Ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swing Bridge, River Tyne
The Swing Bridge is a swing bridge over the River Tyne, England, connecting Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, and lying between the Tyne Bridge and the High Level Bridge, River Tyne, High Level Bridge. It is a Grade II* listed structure. History The Swing Bridge stands on the site of the Tyne Bridge, Old Tyne Bridges of 1270 and 1781, and probably of the original Roman Pons Aelius bridge. The previous bridge on the site was demolished in 1868 to enable larger ships to move upstream to William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, William Armstrong's works. The hydraulic Swing Bridge was designed and paid for by Armstrong, with work beginning in 1873. It was first used for road traffic on 15 June 1876 and opened for river traffic on 17 July 1876. At the time of construction it was the largest swing bridge ever built. The construction cost was £240,000. The hydraulic machinery, hydraulic power still used to move the bridge is today derived from electrically driven pumps. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunk Bed
A bunk bed or set of bunks is a type of bed in which one bed frame (a bunk) is stacked on top of another bed, allowing two or more sleeping-places to occupy the floor space usually required by just one. Bunks are commonly seen on ships, in the military, and in hostels, dormitory, dormitories, summer camps, children's bedrooms, and prisons. Bunk beds are normally supported by four poles or pillars, one at each corner of the bed. A ladder or a flight of stairs leads to the upper bed, which normally features a railing to prevent the sleeper from falling off. Some models also have a privacy curtain for the lower bunk. Because of the need for a ladder and the height of the upper bed, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission recommends childproofing , using the top bunk of a bunk bed only for persons aged 6 and over. A loft bed is an elevated bed similar to a bunk bed, but without the lower beds, freeing floor space for other furniture, such as a desk, which might be built in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blast Wall
A blast wall is a barrier designed to protect vulnerable buildings or other structures and the people inside them from the effects of a nearby explosion, whether caused by industrial accident, military action, or terrorism. Effectiveness Research by Cranfield University Defence Academy, building on earlier work, has shown that blast walls have the following properties: * A non-deforming upright wall will significantly reduce the peak blast overpressure and impulse in an area between 4 and 6 wall heights behind it * Similar protection occurs at greater distances behind the wall, but to a diminishing extent * Blast walls perform best if the explosion is relatively close to the front of the wall * "Canopied" walls (with a top section overhanging the front face) show some improved blast protection over plane walls * A 90-degree canopy is more effective than a 45-degree one * Walls containing sand or water work well, and cause little damage if they fail * A wall has to stay intact l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. It is the second-most-used substance (after water), the most–widely used building material, and the most-manufactured material in the world. When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that can be poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water through a process called hydration, which hardens it after several hours to form a solid matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material with various uses. This time allows concrete to not only be cast in forms, but also to have a variety of tooled processes performed. The hydration process is exothermic, which means that ambient temperature plays a significant role in how long it takes concrete to set. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical prop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whitewash
Whitewash, calcimine, kalsomine, calsomine, asbestis or lime paint is a type of paint made from slaked lime ( calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) or chalk (calcium carbonate, CaCO3), sometimes known as "whiting". Various other additives are sometimes used. Use as paint Whitewash cures through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form calcium carbonate in the form of calcite, a type of reaction generally known as carbonation or by the more specific term, carbonatation. It is usually applied to exteriors, or interiors of rural dairies because of its mildly antibacterial properties. Whitewash can be tinted for decorative use and is sometimes painted inside structures such as the hallways of apartment buildings. A small amount can rub off onto clothing. In Britain and Ireland, whitewash was used historically in interiors and exteriors of workers' cottages and still retains something of this association with rural poverty. In the United States, a similar attitude is exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entrée Tunnel Victoria Newcastle Tyne 1
An entrée (, ; ), in modern French table service and that of much of the English-speaking world, is a dish served before the main course of a meal. Outside North America and parts of English-speaking Canada, it is generally synonymous with the terms ''hors d'oeuvre'', ''appetizer'', or ''starter''. It may be the first dish served, or it may follow a soup or other small dish or dishes. In the United States and parts of English-speaking Canada, the term ''entrée'' instead refers to the main course or the only course of a meal. Early use of the term The word ''entrée'' as a culinary term first appears in print around 1536 in the ''Petit traicté auquel verrez la maniere de faire cuisine'', more widely known from a later edition titled ''Livre fort excellent de cuisine'', in a collection of menus at the end of the book. There, the first stage of each meal is called the ''entree de table'' (entrance to the table); the second stage consists of '' potaiges'' (foods boiled or simme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe () was the aerial warfare, aerial-warfare branch of the before and during World War II. German Empire, Germany's military air arms during World War I, the of the Imperial German Army, Imperial Army and the of the Imperial German Navy, Imperial Navy, had been disbanded in May 1920 in accordance with the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, which banned Germany from having any air force. During the interwar period, German pilots were trained secretly in violation of the treaty at Lipetsk (air base), Lipetsk Air Base in the Soviet Union. With the rise of the Nazi Party and the repudiation of the Versailles Treaty, the Luftwaffe's existence was publicly acknowledged and officially established on 26 February 1935, just over two weeks before open defiance of the Versailles Treaty through German rearmament and conscription would be announced on 16 March. The Condor Legion, a Luftwaffe detachment sent to aid Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Raid Precautions
Air Raid Precautions (ARP) refers to a number of organisations and guidelines in the United Kingdom dedicated to the protection of civilians from the danger of air raids. Government consideration for air raid precautions increased in the 1920s and 30s, with the Raid Wardens' Service set up in 1937 to report on bombing incidents. Every local council was responsible for organising ARP wardens, messengers, ambulance drivers, rescue parties, and liaison with police and fire brigades. From 1 September 1939, ARP wardens enforced the " blackout". Heavy curtains and shutters were required on all private residences, commercial premises, and factories to prevent light escaping and so making them a possible marker for enemy bombers to locate their targets. With increased enemy bombing during the Blitz, the ARP services were central in reporting and dealing with bombing incidents. They managed the air raid sirens and ensured people were directed to shelters. Women were involved in ARP servi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sheriff Of Newcastle Upon Tyne
The office of Sheriff of Newcastle upon Tyne existed from until local government reorganisation in , and was reintroduced in as a title held additionally by the Deputy Lord Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne. The city has a sheriff because it was historically a county corporate. In 1950 Violet Grantham became the first woman to hold the office (becoming the first female Lord Mayor two years later), and in 2019 Councillor Habib Rahman became the first BAME person to hold the office. William Haswell Stephenson, who held the office in 1886, commissioned a bronze statue of Queen Victoria by Alfred Gilbert to celebrate 500 years of the shrievalty; it stands in the city centre and is Grade II* listed. Sheriffs 1400-1974 Sheriffs 1996-present References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Newcastle upon Tyne, Sheriff of Sheriff Sheriff Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle ( , Received Pronunciation, RP: ), is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mayors Of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
This is a list of mayors and the later lord mayors of the city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the United Kingdom. Newcastle had elected a mayor annually since 1216. The city was awarded the dignity of a lord mayoralty by letters patent dated 27 July 1906. The grant was announced by Edward VII on a visit to the city on 12 July, having been approved by the Home Office as Newcastle was "the chief town and seaport of the North of England"."The King and Queen at Newcastle-on-Tyne", ''The Times'', 12 July 1906, pg. 8J V Beckett, ''City Status in the British Isles, 1830-2002'', Aldershot, 2005 When the city became a metropolitan borough in 1974 the honour was confirmed by letters patent dated 1 April 1974. The office of Sheriff of Newcastle upon Tyne The office of Sheriff of Newcastle upon Tyne existed from until local government reorganisation in , and was reintroduced in as a title held additionally by the Deputy Lord Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne. The city has a sheriff because i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victoria Of The United Kingdom
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days, which was List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign, longer than those of any of her predecessors, constituted the Victorian era. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, the British parliament voted to grant her the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After the deaths of her father and grandfather in 1820, she was Kensington System, raised under close supervision by her mother and her Comptrol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
