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Use Of Performance-enhancing Drugs In The Olympic Games
Doping at the Olympic Games refers to the use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances and methods by athletes competing in the Games. Throughout the history of the modern Olympics, doping has been a persistent and controversial issue, raising concerns about fair play, athlete health, and the integrity of sport. The pursuit of competitive advantage has led athletes to use a variety of banned substances, including anabolic steroids, stimulants, and erythropoietin (EPO), as well as methods like blood doping. Efforts to combat doping have evolved significantly, with the establishment of anti-doping organizations, the development of sophisticated testing methods, and the implementation of stricter penalties. High-profile doping scandals have tarnished the reputation of the Olympics and highlighted the ongoing challenge of maintaining a level playing field. The fight against doping remains a central focus of the Olympic movement, with continuous efforts to improve detection, prev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marathon (sports)
The marathon is a long-distance foot race with a distance of kilometres ( 26 mi 385 yd), usually run as a road running, road race, but the distance can be covered on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy. There are also Wheelchair racing, wheelchair divisions. More than 800 marathons are held worldwide each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes, as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants. A creation of the French philologist Michel Bréal inspired by a story from Ancient Greece, the marathon was one of the original modern Olympic Games, Olympic events in 1896 in Athens. The distance did not become standardized until 1921. The distance is also included in the World Athletics Championships, which began in 1983. It is the only running road race included in both championship competitions (walking races on the roads are also contested in both). History Origin The name ''Marathon'' c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Germany At The 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes from East Germany (German Democratic Republic) competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 267 competitors, 154 men and 113 women, took part in 139 events in 17 sports. Medalists Athletics Men's Marathon * Waldemar Cierpinski — 2:09.55 (→ Gold Medal) Men's 4 × 100 m Relay * Manfred Kokot, Jörg Pfeifer, Klaus-Dieter Kurrat, and Alexander Thieme ** Heat — 39.42 ** Semi Final — 39.43 ** Final — 38.66s (→ Silver Medal) Men's High Jump * Rolf Beilschmidt ** Qualification — 2.16m ** Final — 2.18m (→ 7th place) * Henry Lauterbach ** Qualification — 2.13m (→ did not advance) Men's Long Jump * Frank Wartenberg ** Qualification — 7.89m ** Final — 8.02m (→ Bronze Medal) Men's Discus Throw * Wolfgang Schmidt ** Qualification — 63.14m ** Final — 66.22m (→ Silver Medal) * Norbert Thiede ** Qualification — 61.14m ** Final — 64.30m (→ 4th place) * Siegfried Pachale ** Qualification — 60.64m ** Final ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1984 Summer Olympics
The 1984 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXIII Olympiad and commonly known as Los Angeles 1984) were an international multi-sport event held from July 28 to August 12, 1984, in Los Angeles, California, United States. It marked the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games, the first being in 1932 Summer Olympics, 1932. This was the first of two consecutive Olympic Games to be held in North America, with Calgary, Alberta, Canada, hosting the 1988 Winter Olympics. California was the home state of the incumbent President of the United States, U.S. president Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the President of the International Olympic Committee, IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch. The 1984 Summer Olympics boycott, 1984 Games were boycotted by fourteen Eastern Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union and East Germany, in response to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, American-led boycott of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1980 Summer Olympics
The 1980 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad () and officially branded as Moscow 1980 (), were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The games were the first to be staged in an Eastern Bloc country, as well as the first Olympic Games and only Summer Olympics to be held in a Slavic languages, Slavic language-speaking country. They were also the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in a self-proclaimed communist country until the 2008 Summer Olympics held in China. These were the final Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee, IOC Presidency of Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin before he was succeeded by Juan Antonio Samaranch shortly afterward. Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games, the smallest number since 1956 Summer Olympics, 1956. Led by the United States, 66 countries 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, boycotted the games entirely, beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doping Test
A drug test (also often toxicology screen or tox screen) is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, or oral fluid/saliva—to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites. Major applications of drug testing include detection of the presence of performance enhancing steroids in sport, employers and parole/probation officers screening for drugs prohibited by law (such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin) and police officers testing for the presence and concentration of alcohol (ethanol) in the blood commonly referred to as BAC (blood alcohol content). BAC tests are typically administered via a breathalyzer while urinalysis is used for the vast majority of drug testing in sports and the workplace. Numerous other methods with varying degrees of accuracy, sensitivity (detection threshold/cutoff), and detection periods exist. A drug test may also refer to a test that provides quantita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; , CIO) is the international, non-governmental, sports governing body of the modern Olympic Games. Founded in 1894 by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas, it is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. The IOC is the authority responsible for organizing the Summer, Winter, and Youth Olympics. The IOC is also the governing body of the National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and the worldwide Olympic Movement, which includes all entities and individuals involved in the Olympic Games. , 206 NOCs officially were recognized by the IOC. Since 2013, the IOC president has been Thomas Bach; he will be succeeded by Kirsty Coventry in June 2025. Mission Its stated mission is to promote Olympism throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement: *To encourage and support the promotion of ethics and good governance in sport; *To support the education of youth through sport; *To ensure that the spirit of fair play ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew Jennings
Andrew Jennings (3 September 1943 – 8 January 2022) was a British investigative reporter. He was best known for his work investigating and writing about corruption in the IOC and FIFA. Early life Jennings was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, on 3 September 1943. His father worked as a school headmaster; his mother was a housewife. He was the grandson of a former Clapton Orient player. His family relocated to London when he was a child. Jennings attended the University of Hull, and first worked at the ''Burnley Evening Star''. Career Jennings became part of the ''Sunday Times''' Insight team during the late 1960s. He went on to work as an investigative reporter on BBC Radio Four's ''Checkpoint'', probing into cocaine trafficking and murders carried out by the Sicilian Mafia. In 1986 the BBC refused to broadcast his documentary concerning corruption in Scotland Yard. Jennings consequently resigned and transposed the material into his first book, ''Scotland Yard's C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Germany
West Germany was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until German reunification, its reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic after its capital city of Bonn, or as the Second German Republic. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, established from 12 States of Germany, states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the Western and Eastern Bloc, Eastern blocs. Germany was divided into the two countries. Initially, West Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of the longest-running newspapers in the United States, the ''Times'' serves as one of the country's Newspaper of record, newspapers of record. , ''The New York Times'' had 9.13 million total and 8.83 million online subscribers, both by significant margins the List of newspapers in the United States, highest numbers for any newspaper in the United States; the total also included 296,330 print subscribers, making the ''Times'' the second-largest newspaper by print circulation in the United States, following ''The Wall Street Journal'', also based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' is published by the New York Times Company; since 1896, the company has been chaired by the Ochs-Sulzberger family, whose current chairman and the paper's publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fall Of The Berlin Wall
The fall of the Berlin Wall (, ) on 9 November in German history, 9 November 1989, during the Peaceful Revolution, marked the beginning of the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the figurative Iron Curtain, as East Berlin transit restrictions were overwhelmed and discarded. Sections of the wall were breached, and planned deconstruction began the following June. It was one of the series of events that started the Revolutions of 1989, fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The fall of the inner German border took place shortly afterward. An end to the Cold War was declared at the Malta Summit in early December, and German reunification took place in October the following year. Background Opening of the Iron Curtain The opening of the Iron Curtain between Austria and Hungary at the Pan-European Picnic on 19 August 1989 set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an East Germany and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. After the picnic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swimming At The 1976 Summer Olympics
The 1976 Summer Olympics were held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; 26 events in swimming were contested. There was a total of 471 participants from 51 countries competing. Events Participating nations 471 swimmers from 51 nations competed. Medal table Medal summary Men's events Women's events Gallery of the medalists Some of the Olympic medalists in Montreal: File:John Naber 2016.jpg, John Naber, winner of the 100-metre backstroke, 200-metre backstroke, 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay, and 4 × 100-metre medley relay. File:Jim Montgomery (swimmer).jpg, Jim Montgomery, winner of the 100-metre freestyle, 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay, and 4 × 100-metre medley relay. File:Mike Bruner 1976 Olympics.jpg, Mike Bruner, winner of the 200-metre butterfly and 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay. File:John Hencken c1974.jpg, John Hencken, winner of the 100-metre breaststroke and 4 × 100-metre medley relay. File:Kornelia Ender 1973.jpg, Kornelia Ender, winner of the 100-met ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swimming At The 1972 Summer Olympics
The 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Munich, West Germany. 29 events in swimming were contested. There were a total of 532 participants from 52 countries competing. Perhaps the most spectacular athletic events were in swimming. Mark Spitz had a remarkable run, competing in seven events, winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records. In 2008, Michael Phelps matched Spitz's feat of setting seven world records in a single Olympics. According to the official Olympic website, "He took part in the 4 × 200 m one hour after his final in the 100 m butterfly. As for the 200 m freestyle gold, it was his third medal in three days". On the women's side of the competition, Shane Gould of Australia won five medals. She won the 200 m and 400 m freestyle as well as the 200 m individual medley, each with a new world-record time. In addition, she won the silver and the bronze in the 800 m and 100 m freestyle, respectively. In 2022, Gould remains the only woman in history to hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
