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Torricelli Languages
The Torricelli languages are a family of about fifty languages of the northern Papua New Guinea coast, spoken by about 80,000 people. They are named after the Torricelli Mountains. The most populous and best known Torricelli language is Arapesh, with about 30,000 speakers. The most promising external relationship for the Torricelli family is the Sepik languages. In reconstructions of both families, the pronouns have a plural suffix ''*-m'' and a dual suffix ''*-p''. History The Torricelli languages occupy three geographically separated areas, evidently separated by later migrations of Sepik-language speakers several centuries ago. Foley considers the Torricelli languages to be autochthonous to the Torricelli Mountains and nearby surrounding areas, having been resident in the region for at least several millennia. The current distribution of Lower Sepik-Ramu and Sepik (especially Ndu) reflects later migrations from the south and the east. Foley notes that the Lower Sepik and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monumbo Languages
The Monumbo or Bogia Bay languages are a pair of closely related languages that constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in a few coastal villages around Bogia Bay of Bogia District, Madang Province in Papua New Guinea. Unlike all other Torricelli branches except for the Marienberg languages, word order in the Bogia languages is SOV, likely due to contact with Lower Sepik-Ramu and Sepik languages The Sepik or Sepik River languages are a family of some 50 Papuan languages spoken in the Sepik river basin of northern Papua New Guinea, proposed by Donald Laycock in 1965 in a somewhat more limited form than presented here. They tend to have .... There are two languages, : Monumbo (Mambuwan) and Lilau Classification They have for several decades been lumped into the Torricelli family 100 km to the west, but "no evidence or thiswas ever presented" according to Glottolog. Foley (2018) classifies the Monumbo languages as Torricelli. References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arapesh Languages
The Arapesh languages are several closely related Torricelli languages of the 32,000 Arapesh people of Papua New Guinea. They are spoken in eastern Sandaun Province and northern East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. The Arapesh languages are among the better-studied of Papuan languages and are most distinctive in their gender systems, which contain up to thirteen genders (noun classes) with noun-phrase concordance. Mufian, for example, has 17 noun classes for count nouns plus two extra noun classes, i.e. proper names and place names. (See that article for examples.) Phonology The most notable feature of the Arapesh phoneme inventory is the use of labialization as a contrastive device. Consonants Vowels Arapesh syllables have the structure (C)V(V)(C), though in monosyllables there is a requirement that the coda be filled. Normally either of the higher central vowels (ɨ, ə) is inserted to break up consonant clusters in the middle of words. Pronouns Pronouns in Arapesh an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urim Languages
The Urim languages constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in East Sepik Province, in areas bordering the northeastern corner of Sandaun Province Sandaun Province (formerly West Sepik Province) is the northwesternmost mainland province of Papua New Guinea. It covers an area of 35,920 km2 (13868 m2) and has a population of 248,411 (2011 census). The capital is Vanimo. In July 1998 the a .... Languages Foley (2018) lists the following languages. : Urim, Urat, Kombio Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from Laycock (1968), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: : References * Torricelli Range languages Languages of East Sepik Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maimai Languages
The Maimai languages constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken just to the west of Nuku town in eastern Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea (including in Maimai Wanwan Rural LLG Maimai Wanwan Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. Maimai languages are spoken in the LLG. Wards *01. Yimin *02. Nau'alu *03. Gamu/Ulap *04. Yimut *05. Wundu *06. Yimauwi *07. Yauwo *08. Maimai *09. ...). Languages ;Maimai * Beli, Laeko-Libuat * Wiaki * Siliput, Yahang, Heyo Pronouns Pronouns in Maimai languages are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from Laycock (1968), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: : References * {{Torricelli languages Torricelli Range languages Languages of Sandaun Province ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wapei Languages
The Wapei languages constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family according to Laycock (1975) (quoted from Foley 2018). Glottolog does not accept this grouping. They are spoken in mountainous regions of eastern Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. Languages Languages are: *Alu–Galu: Alu, Sinagen *A.O.E: Olo, Elkei, Au *Yau–Yis: Yis, Yau *Ningil–Yil: Yil, Ningil *West Palai erhaps Palei languages Yeri (Yapunda), Walman Gnau The card game ''Gnau'' or ''Ngau'' or "Ngao" (British Chinese) meaning Ox in English ({{zh, c=牛; Cantonese: Ngau) is a card game played in Malaysia where it originated. It can be played casually or as a gambling game. It can be played with as ma ... may also belong here. Pronouns Pronouns in Wapei languages are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from Laycock (1968), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: : References * {{Torricelli languages Torricelli Range languages Languages of Sand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palei Languages
The Palei languages constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family according to Laycock (1975) (quoted from Foley 2018). They are spoken in mountainous regions of eastern Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. Languages Languages are: *Nuclear Palai ** Braget, Amol (Aru), Aruop (Srenge) **Aiku (Yangum), Ambrak *West Palai **Agi, Yeri (Yapunda) erhaps a Wapei language**? Walman erhaps a Wapei language*? Kayik (Wanap) Nambi (Nabi) = Metan may also belong here, or may be one of the Maimai languages, or separate within the Torricelli languages. Pronouns Pronouns in Palei languages are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from Laycock (1968), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. Nabi Nabi may refer to: People * Adil Nabi (born 1994), English footballer *Heiki Nabi (born 1985), Estonian wrestler *Isadore Nabi, satirical pseudonym of Richard Levins and Richard Lewontin, scientists in the 1960s *Mohammad Nabi (born 1985), Afghan ... wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One Languages
The One or West Wapei languages constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in north-central Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. Languages Foley (2018) lists: : One, Seta, Seti The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is a collective term for scientific searches for intelligent extraterrestrial life, for example, monitoring electromagnetic radiation for signs of transmissions from civilizations on other pl ... Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from the Trans-New Guinea database, citing data from Laycock (1968) and SIL (2000):Summer Institute of Linguistics Language Survey of Seta, 2000. : References * Torricelli Range languages Languages of Sandaun Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bogia Languages
The Monumbo or Bogia Bay languages are a pair of closely related languages that constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in a few coastal villages around Bogia Bay of Bogia District, Madang Province in Papua New Guinea. Unlike all other Torricelli branches except for the Marienberg languages, word order in the Bogia languages is SOV, likely due to contact with Lower Sepik-Ramu and Sepik languages The Sepik or Sepik River languages are a family of some 50 Papuan languages spoken in the Sepik river basin of northern Papua New Guinea, proposed by Donald Laycock in 1965 in a somewhat more limited form than presented here. They tend to have .... There are two languages, : Monumbo (Mambuwan) and Lilau Classification They have for several decades been lumped into the Torricelli family 100 km to the west, but "no evidence or thiswas ever presented" according to Glottolog. Foley (2018) classifies the Monumbo languages as Torricelli. References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marienberg Languages
The Marienberg or Marienberg Hills languages are a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in a mountainous stretch of region located between the towns of Wewak and Angoram in the Marienberg Hills of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Kamasau is the best documented Marienberg language. Typology Marienberg languages distinguish masculine and feminine genders, with feminine being the default unmarked gender. Unlike all other Torricelli branches except for the Monumbo languages, word order in the Bogia languages is SOV, likely due to contact with Lower Sepik-Ramu and Sepik languages. Languages Foley (2018) provides the following classification, based primarily on morphological evidence. * Buna, Blabla ( Elapi / Samap) * Kamasau * Bungain * Muniwara, Urimo, Mandi Mandi may refer to: Places * Mandı, Azerbaijan India * Mandi, Jammu and Kashmir, a town on the Mandi River in the Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir * Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, a ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conjunction (grammar)
In grammar, a conjunction (list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated or ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions. That definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech and so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In English, a given word may have several word sense, senses and be either a preposition or a conjunction, depending on the syntax of the sentence. For example, ''after'' is a preposition in "he left after the fight" but is a conjunction in "he left after they fought". In general, a conjunction is an invariable (non-inflection, inflected) grammatical particle that may or may not stand between the items conjoined. The definition of conjunction may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function, "as well as", "provided that". A simple literary example of a conjunction is "the truth of nature, ''and'' the power of giving inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Postposition
Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in traditional grammar, simply prepositions), are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (''in'', ''under'', ''towards'', ''before'') or mark various semantic roles (''of'', ''for''). A preposition or postposition typically combines with a noun phrase, this being called its complement, or sometimes object. A preposition comes before its complement; a postposition comes after its complement. English generally has prepositions rather than postpositions – words such as ''in'', ''under'' and ''of'' precede their objects, such as ''in England'', ''under the table'', ''of Jane'' – although there are a few exceptions including "ago" and "notwithstanding", as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding". Some languages that use a different word order have postpositions instead, or have both types. The phrase formed by a preposition or postposition together with its comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clause
In language, a clause is a constituent that comprises a semantic predicand (expressed or not) and a semantic predicate. A typical clause consists of a subject and a syntactic predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase composed of a verb with any objects and other modifiers. However, the subject is sometimes unvoiced if it is retrievable from context, especially in null-subject language but also in other languages, including English instances of the imperative mood. A complete simple sentence includes a single clause with a finite verb. Complex sentences contain multiple clauses including at least one ''independent clause'' (meaning, a clause that can stand alone as a simple sentence) coordinated either with at least one dependent clause (also called an embedded clause) or with one or more independent clauses. Two major distinctions A primary division for the discussion of clauses is the distinction between independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause can s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
