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Tidyverse
The tidyverse is a collection of open source packages for the R programming language introduced by Hadley Wickham and his team that "share an underlying design philosophy, grammar, and data structures" of tidy data. Characteristic features of tidyverse packages include extensive use of non-standard evaluation and encouraging piping. As of November 2018, the tidyverse package and some of its individual packages comprise 5 out of the top 10 most downloaded R packages. The tidyverse is the subject of multiple books and papers. In 2019, the ecosystem has been published in the Journal of Open Source Software. Critics of the tidyverse have argued it promotes tools that are harder to teach and learn than their base-R equivalents and are too dissimilar to other programming languages. On the other hand, some have argued that tidyverse is a very effective way to introduce complete beginners into programming, as pedagogically it allows students to quickly begin doing powerful data proce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R Packages
R packages are extensions to the R statistical programming language. R packages contain code, data, and documentation in a standardised collection format that can be installed by users of R, typically via a centralised software repository such as CRAN (the Comprehensive R Archive Network). The large number of packages available for R, and the ease of installing and using them, has been cited as a major factor driving the widespread adoption of the language in data science. Compared to libraries in other programming language, R packages must conform to a relatively strict specification. The ''Writing R Extensions'' manual specifies a standard directory structure for R source code, data, documentation, and package metadata, which enables them to be installed and loaded using R's in-built package management tools. Packages distributed on CRAN must meet additional standards. According to John Chambers, whilst these requirements "impose considerable demands" on package developers, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R (programming Language)
R is a programming language for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Created by statisticians Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, R is used among data miners, bioinformaticians and statisticians for data analysis and developing statistical software. Users have created packages to augment the functions of the R language. According to user surveys and studies of scholarly literature databases, R is one of the most commonly used programming languages used in data mining. R ranks 12th in the TIOBE index, a measure of programming language popularity, in which the language peaked in 8th place in August 2020. The official R software environment is an open-source free software environment within the GNU package, available under the GNU General Public License. It is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself (partially self-hosting). Precompiled executables are provided for various operating syste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadley Wickham
Hadley Alexander Wickham (born 14 October 1979) is a statistician from New Zealand and Chief Scientist at Posit, PBC (former RStudio Inc.) and an adjunct Professor of statistics at the University of Auckland, Stanford University, and Rice University. He is best known for his development of open-source software for the R statistical programming language for data visualisation, including ggplot2, and other tidyverse packages, which support a tidy data approach to data science. Education and career Wickham was born in Hamilton, New Zealand. He received a Bachelors degree in Human Biology and a masters degree in statistics at the University of Auckland in 1999–2004 and his PhD at Iowa State University in 2008 supervised by Di Cook and Heike Hofmann. Wickham is a prominent and active member of the R user community and has developed several notable and widely used packages including ggplot2, plyr, dplyr, and reshape2. Wickham's data analysis packages for R are collectively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dplyr
One of the core packages of the tidyverse in the R programming language, dplyr is primarily a set of functions designed to enable dataframe manipulation in an intuitive, user-friendly way. Data analysts typically use dplyr in order to transform existing datasets into a format better suited for some particular type of analysis, or data visualization. For instance, someone seeking to analyze an enormous dataset may wish to only view a smaller subset of the data. Alternatively, a user may wish to rearrange the data in order to see the rows ranked by some numerical value, or even based on a combination of values from the original dataset. Authored primarily by Hadley Wickham, dplyr was launched in 2014. On the dplyr web page, the package is described as "a grammar of data manipulation, providing a consistent set of verbs that help you solve the most common data manipulation challenges." The five core verbs While dplyr actually includes several dozen functions that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open-source Software
Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. Open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, meaning any capable user is able to participate online in development, making the number of possible contributors indefinite. The ability to examine the code facilitates public trust in the software. Open-source software development can bring in diverse perspectives beyond those of a single company. A 2008 report by the Standish Group stated that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year for consumers. Open source code can be used for studying and allows capable end users to adapt software to their personal needs in a similar way user scripts a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tidy Data
Tidy data is an alternative name for the common statistical form called a ''model matrix'' or ''data matrix''. A data matrix is defined in as follows: A standard method of displaying a multivariate set of data is in the form of a data matrix in which rows correspond to sample individuals and columns to variables, so that the entry in the ''i''th row and ''j''th column gives the value of the ''j''th variate as measured or observed on the ''i''th individual. Hadley Wickham later defined "Tidy Data" as data sets that are arranged such that each variable is a column and each observation (or ''case'') is a row. (Originally with additional per-table conditions that made the definition equivalent to the Boyce–Codd 3rd normal form.) Data arrangement is an important consideration in data processing, but should not be confused with the also important task of data cleansing. Other relevant formulations include denormalization Denormalization is a strategy used on a previously- norma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pipeline (software)
In software engineering, a pipeline consists of a chain of processing elements (processes, threads, coroutines, functions, ''etc.''), arranged so that the output of each element is the input of the next; the name is by analogy to a physical pipeline. Usually some amount of buffering is provided between consecutive elements. The information that flows in these pipelines is often a stream of records, bytes, or bits, and the elements of a pipeline may be called filters; this is also called the pipes and filters design pattern. Connecting elements into a pipeline is analogous to function composition. Narrowly speaking, a pipeline is linear and one-directional, though sometimes the term is applied to more general flows. For example, a primarily one-directional pipeline may have some communication in the other direction, known as a '' return channel'' or ''backchannel,'' as in the lexer hack, or a pipeline may be fully bi-directional. Flows with one-directional tree and directe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Open Source Software
The ''Journal of Open Source Software'' is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering open-source software from any research discipline. The journal was founded in 2016 by editors Arfon Smith, Kyle Niemeyer, Dan Katz, Kevin Moerman, and Karthik Ram. The editor-in-chief is Arfon Smith (Space Telescope Science Institute), and associate editors-in-chief are Dan Katz, Kevin Moerman, Kyle Niemeyer, and Krysten Thyng. The journal is a sponsored project of NumFOCUS and an affiliate of the Open Source Initiative. The journal uses GitHub as publishing platform. The journal was established in May 2016 and in its first year published 111 articles, with more than 40 additional articles under review. They reported approximately 1200 published articles in March 2021. The journal has been discussed in several peer-reviewed papers which describe its publishing model and its effectiveness. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Astrophysics Data Syste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ggplot2
ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R. Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's ''Grammar of Graphics''—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a number of defaults for web and print display of common scales. Since 2005, ggplot2 has grown in use to become one of the most popular R packages. Updates On 2 March 2012, ggplot2 version 0.9.0 was released with numerous changes to internal organization, scale construction and layers. On 25 February 2014, Hadley Wickham formally announced that "ggplot2 is shifting to maintenance mode. This means that we are no longer adding new features, but we will continue to fix major bugs, and consider new features submitted as pull requests. In recognition fthis significant milestone, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Analysis Software
In the pursuit of knowledge, data (; ) is a collection of discrete values that convey information, describing quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpreted. A datum is an individual value in a collection of data. Data is usually organized into structures such as tables that provide additional context and meaning, and which may themselves be used as data in larger structures. Data may be used as variables in a computational process. Data may represent abstract ideas or concrete measurements. Data is commonly used in scientific research, economics, and in virtually every other form of human organizational activity. Examples of data sets include price indices (such as consumer price index), unemployment rates, literacy rates, and census data. In this context, data represents the raw facts and figures which can be used in such a manner in order to capture the useful information out of i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statistical Software
Statistical software are specialized computer programs for analysis in statistics and econometrics. Open-source * ADaMSoft – a generalized statistical software with data mining algorithms and methods for data management * ADMB – a software suite for non-linear statistical modeling based on C++ which uses automatic differentiation * Chronux – for neurobiological time series data * DAP – free replacement for SAS * Environment for DeveLoping KDD-Applications Supported by Index-Structures (ELKI) a software framework for developing data mining algorithms in Java * Epi Info – statistical software for epidemiology developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Apache 2 licensed * Fityk – nonlinear regression software (GUI and command line) * GNU Octave – programming language very similar to MATLAB with statistical features * gretl – gnu regression, econometrics and time-series library * intrinsic Noise Analyzer (iNA) – For analyzing intrinsic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
