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The Charter Of Alliance
The Charter of Alliance ( tr, Sened-i İttifak), also known as Deed of Agreement was a treaty between the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire and a number of powerful local rulers signed in 1808, in an attempt to regulate their power and relations with the central Ottoman government. Background In the Ottoman Empire, agricultural land was considered to be the sultan's private estate. These estates ( tr, dirlik) were granted to cavalrymen ( tr, tımarlı sipahi, "timariot sipahis") in return for their military services during war. The system was similar to the fief system of Medieval Europe, except that the land was non-inheritable, precluding the rise of feudalism in the Ottoman Empire. However, during the Empire's decline in the 18th century, two factors provoked a kind of feudalism: *The advance in military technology, which rendered the Ottoman cavalry far less effective. *Loss of profitable land and almost continuous wars forced the Ottoman Porte to collect more tax and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. Bulgaria covers a territory of , and is the sixteenth-largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by the early Slavs. The Bulgars, led by Asp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1808 In Law
Eighteen or 18 may refer to: * 18 (number), the natural number following 17 and preceding 19 * one of the years 18 BC, AD 18, 1918, 2018 Film, television and entertainment * ''18'' (film), a 1993 Taiwanese experimental film based on the short story ''God's Dice'' * ''Eighteen'' (film), a 2005 Canadian dramatic feature film * 18 (British Board of Film Classification), a film rating in the United Kingdom, also used in Ireland by the Irish Film Classification Office * 18 (''Dragon Ball''), a character in the ''Dragon Ball'' franchise * "Eighteen", a 2006 episode of the animated television series ''12 oz. Mouse'' Music Albums * ''18'' (Moby album), 2002 * ''18'' (Nana Kitade album), 2005 * '' 18...'', 2009 debut album by G.E.M. Songs * "18" (5 Seconds of Summer song), from their 2014 eponymous debut album * "18" (One Direction song), from their 2014 studio album ''Four'' * "18", by Anarbor from their 2013 studio album '' Burnout'' * "I'm Eighteen", by Alice Cooper commonly r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Process In Turkey
Over the centuries, Turkey has had many constitutions and can be characterised by the steady establishment of a nation-state, democratisation and recognition of international law. Turkey has a rich constitutional history, dating from 1808 to the present. Over the years, Turkey has had many constitutions and radical amendments made to those constitutions. The four main constitutions of Turkey since inception have been the Constitution of 1921, the Constitution of 1924, the Constitution of 1961 and the Constitution of 1982. Prior to these constitutions, Turkey was governed by the Ottoman Empire and other fundamental instruments such as the Sened-I Ittifak, Imperial Edict of Reorganisation, the Ottoman Reform Edict, the Ottoman Constitution of 1876. The current 1982 Turkish constitution has been ratified nineteen times, with its most recent revision in 2017 which was aimed at improving the rights and liberties of individuals and strengthening the rule of law. Fundamental i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiflik (Ottoman Empire)
Chiflik, or chiftlik (Ottoman Turkish: ; al, çiflig; bg, чифлик, ''chiflik''; mk, чифлиг, ''čiflig''; el, τσιφλίκι, ''tsiflíki''; sr, читлук/''čitluk''), is a Turkish term for a system of land management in the Ottoman Empire. Before the chiflik system the Empire used a non-hereditary form of land management called the Timar System. Starting as the Empire began to collapse, powerful military officers started to claim land from the Sultan's holding allowing them to pass the land onto their sons thus creating the Chiflik system. This form of land management lasted from the sixteenth century to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919. Background In the Ottoman Empire before the Chiflik system was adopted the Timar system was official Ottoman policy. The system was one in which the projected revenue of a conquered territory was distributed in the form of temporary land grants among the Sipahis (cavalrymen) and other members of the military ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magna Carta
(Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called (also ''Magna Charta''; "Great Charter"), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War. After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
The ''İslâm Ansiklopedisi'' (İA) () is a Turkish academic encyclopedia for Islamic studies published by ' ( eng, Turkish Religious Foundation). Its most recent 44-volume edition, called ''Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi'' (''TDV İA'' or ''DİA''), was completed between 1988 and 2013, with two supplementary volumes published in 2016. It contains 16,855 articles in total. Its content is available on its website for free. Edition history Initially, in 1939, the ''İA'' was proposed to be a translation of the first ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' (EI1, 1913–1938) into the Turkish language because the EI1 had only been introduced in English, French and German. However, while preparing the İslâm Ansiklopedisi many articles of the EI1 were revised, expanded and corrected, and the work ultimately "had the dual purpose of amending Orientalist scholarship and elaborating on the Turkish contribution to Islamic tradition". The result was that the İslâm Ansiklopedis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Şile
Şile is a city and district in Istanbul, Turkey. According to the 2007 census, the population of the district was 25,169, of which 9,831 lived in the city of Şile, 2,096 in the nearby town of Ağva (Yeşilçay) and 13,242 in surrounding villages. However, between June and September, the population rapidly increases because of the many residents of Istanbul who have summer houses in Şile. The district of Şile is part of the province ( il) of Istanbul, and the municipality of Şile is part of the metropolitan government ( büyükşehir belediyesi) of Istanbul. Bordering Şile is the province of Kocaeli (districts of Gebze, Körfez, Derince, Kandıra) to the east and south, and Istanbul districts of Pendik to the south, Çekmeköy to the southwest, and Beykoz to the west. The boundaries of Şile were expanded by the addition of the village of Esenceli from Beykoz district in 1987. Şile consists of Şile, Yeşilvadi and Teke subdistricts, and 58 villages. The mayor is Can Taba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isfendiyarids
The Isfendiyarids or Isfendiyarid dynasty (Modern Turkish: ''İsfendiyaroğulları'', ''İsfendiyaroğulları Beyliği''), also known as the Beylik of Sinop, Beylik of Isfendiyar (''İsfendiyar Beyliği''), Jandarids or Beylik of Jandar (''Candaroğulları'', ''Candaroğulları Beyliği''), was an Anatolian Turkoman beylik that ruled principally in the regions corresponding to present-day Kastamonu and Sinop provinces of Turkey, also covering parts of Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, Samsun, Bolu, Ankara and Çankırı provinces, between 1292 and 1461, in the Black Sea region of modern-day Turkey. The region is also known in Western literature as Paphlagonia, a name used for the same geographic area during the Roman period. The founder of the beylik was Şemseddin Yaman Candar (also known as Temür Yaman Jandar); the beylik collapsed in 1461 when the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II annexed the region. History The Seljuq Sultan Masud II gave Kastamonu to Temür Yaman Jandar, a comman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karaosmanoğlu Family
The Karaosmanoğlu Dynasty is a family that were derebey or ayans, part of the land owning elite in the peripheral provinces, during the Ottoman Empire. After the empire fell, its members have continued to have an impact in Turkey and abroad. Founding The family descends from the ''Sipahi, sipahi'' (cavalryman) Kara Osman Ağa (born in 1666), considered of Turkic origin, from village of Yaya (Zeytinliova) in the district of Manisa. Mehmed Çavuş (died in 1644), his father, was a state official (''kapıcıbaşı'') also from Zeytinliova (at the time Yaya). A legend abound the founding of the dynasty states that a peasant was tilling his land when he unearthed six vases. Inside each of the vases was a large amount of treasure. He reported the find to the local authorities and was told that it was his duty to give five of the vases to the Sultan but he could keep the sixth. The peasant, in a show of fealty, sent all six vases to the Sultan. When the Sultan learned of the peasant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Süleyman Bey Capanoğlu
Suleyman or Süleyman is a variant of Suleiman (the Arabic name ). It means "man of peace". Notable people with the name include: Suleyman *Suleyman I of Rûm or Suleiman ibn Qutulmish (d. 1086), founder of an independent Seljuq Turkish state in Anatolia *Suleyman (mansa), mansa of Mali (1341–1360) *Sulayman al-Arabi, wali of Barcelona *Suleyman Shah (d. 1227 or 1228), grandfather of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire *Chimene Suleyman, 21st-century UK-born US-based writer Süleyman *Süleyman Aktaş, Turkish serial killer *Süleyman Atlı (born 1994), Turkish freestyle sport wrestler *Süleyman Başak, Turkish economist *Süleyman Demirel, Turkish politician *Süleyman Fehim, Ottoman teacher and poet *Süleyman Nazif, Turkish poet *Süleyman Nuri (1895–1966), Ottoman Russian communist politician See also *Suleiman Suleiman (Arabic language, Arabic: سُلِيمَان ''sulaymān''; or dictionary.reference.comsuleiman/ref>) is the Arabic name of the Quranic king and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmut II
Mahmud II ( ota, محمود ثانى, Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, tr, II. Mahmud; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization") that was carried out by his sons Abdulmejid I and Abdülaziz. Often described as " Peter the Great of Turkey", Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. The reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic. Notwithstanding his domestic reforms, Mahmud's reign was also marked by nationalist uprisings in Ottoman-ruled Serbia and Greece, leading to a loss of territory for the Empire following the emergence of an indep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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