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Turkish Coup D'état
Turkish coup d'état may refer to illegal or constitutional military takeovers or takeover attempts in Turkey. There have been several. From the founding of the Turkish Republic until 2016, the Turkish military was very involved in Turkish politics. The army was strongly Kemalist and considered one of its roles to be the ultimate guardian of Atatürk's reforms including secularism, and of cooperation with the Western world generally. The Turkish constitutions of 1924, 1961, and 1982 formally specified that the army's role was to protect Turkey against internal as well as external threats. The army was popular and prestigious as the guarantor of the Turkish state and of Turkish multiparty democracy (after its effective establishment following World War II). The army first exercised its reserve power in the 1960 Turkish coup d'état. There had been economic stagnation, a perceived rise in political Islam, and in 1960, unrest and protests against the ruling Democrat Party. Some Army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2016 Turkish Coup Attempt
In the evening of 15 July 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces, organized as the Peace at Home Council, attempted a coup d'état against state institutions, including the government and president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They attempted to seize control of several places in Ankara, Istanbul, Marmaris and elsewhere, such as the Asian side entrance of the Bosphorus Bridge, but failed to do so after forces and civilians loyal to the state defeated them. The Council cited an erosion of Secularism in Turkey, secularism, elimination of democratic rule, disregard for human rights, and Turkey's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup. The government said it had evidence the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and a well-known Islamic scholar who lived in exile in Pennsylvania. The Turkish government alleged that Gülen was behind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E-memorandum
The e-memorandum () was a controversial set of statements released on the website of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces in April 2007 that weighed in on the Turkish presidential elections in 2007. The way the statements were written caused concerns that the Turkish military would intervene in the election against leading candidate Abdullah Gül in defence of secularism. Turkey's presidential office was regarded as the guardian of the country's secular system; the fact that Gül's wife wore an Islamic headscarf, as well as Gül's own history in political Islam, turned the elections into a political crisis. Statement During the crisis, on 27 April 2007, statements were published on Turkish Armed Forces official website regarding the Turkish presidential elections. One statement read: The ''e-memorandum'' term was coined by Ural Akbulut to describe the General Staff statement because it was published exclusively online. Response from the 59th Government In response t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montreux Declaration
The Montreux Declaration (Turkish: Montrö Bildirisi; also called the April 4 Declaration or the 103 Retired Admirals Declaration) was a 2021 document, signed by 103 retired admirals and one retired general, published publicly, expressing opposition to changes to the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits. The Speaker of the Turkish Assembly had said that the President of Turkey could, legally and unilaterally, withdraw Turkey from the 1936 Montreux Convention, an international agreement declaring that in peacetime all civilian ships of all countries could freely traverse the Turkish Straits, and some warships also but subject to various strict constraints. The Convention thus effectively neutralized the Straits, even though they are Turkish internal waters, and settled the fraught Straits Question to the satisfaction of the various European powers. The admirals, aghast, published the Declaration sternly warning against even contemplating this, and to lesser ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Cage Action Plan
Operation Cage Action Plan ( Turkish: ''Kafes Operasyonu Eylem Planı'') is an alleged coup plan by elements of the Turkish military (specifically, within the Naval Forces Command), which became public in 2009. The plan forms part of the Poyrazköy case of the Ergenekon trials, as the munitions found at Poyrazköy in 2009 are alleged to have been resources belonging to the same group. The indictment listed retired Admiral Ahmet Feyyaz Öğütçü along with two other admirals as the lead organisers. Events Prosecutors allege that one of the contributors to the plan is the West Study Group (BÇG) - a group allegedly formed as part of the 1997 "post-modern" coup.Today's Zaman, 29 January 2010Cage plan mentioned in Poyrazköy indictment According to an Istanbul Police report, the plan was masterminded by İbrahim Şahin and was devised by Ergenekon, and has links with the Zirve Publishing House massacre. ''Yeni Şafak'' claimed in 2010 that according to documents retrieved by polic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sledgehammer (alleged Coup Plan)
Operation Sledgehammer () is the name of an alleged Turkish secularist military coup plan dating back to 2003, The case was heavily criticised by the political opposition for the suspected involvement of high-ranking bureaucrats and legal officials which were close to the Cemaat movement, an Islamist movement led by exiled cleric and (then) AKP ally Fethullah Gülen. Numerous legal flaws and improper procedures throughout the case, and the lack of a response by the government also drew concern. This included the case that the original Sledgehammer document, claimed to have been produced in 2003, was actually created using Microsoft Word 2007. Other irregularities included the forging of signatures of high-ranking military officers, such as that of General Çetin Doğan. In 2012 some 300 of the 365 suspects were sentenced to prison terms, while 34 suspects were acquitted. The case was to be appealed. On 19 June 2014 all the accused were ordered released from prison, pending a ret ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz And Eldiven
Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz, Eldiven were the names of alleged Turkish military coup plans in 2004. Plans In 2007, the ''Nokta'' weekly published portions of a diary purportedly belonging to the retired general Özden Örnek, indicating that four coup plans were prepared: Sarıkız (blonde girl; idiomatic for 'cow'), Ayışığı (moonlight), Yakamoz (Sea Sparkle), and Eldiven (glove). some have argued the names are code for army, airforce, navy, and police respectfully Admiral Örnek himself called the diary a forgery. The Armed Forces evaded the issue without denying its authenticity altogether. For his part, general Hurşit Tolon said he found no reason to object to the publication of the diaries since they contained no false statements about him. The diary was not used as evidence in the 2455-page-long indictment. Eldiven indicated a "discord within the Turkish Armed Forces" on the matter of supporting coup plans and proposed remedies to overcome it. The main purpose o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ergenekon Trials
The Ergenekon trials or the Ergenekon conspiracy, were a series of high-profile trials which took place in 2008–2016 in Turkey in which 275 people, including military officers, journalists and opposition lawmakers, all alleged members of Ergenekon, a suspected secularist clandestine organization, were accused of plotting against the Turkish government. The trials resulted in lengthy prison sentences for the majority of the accused. Those sentences were overturned shortly after. Since Istanbul Heavy Penal Court 13 (tr: ''13. İstanbul Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi'') accepted the 2,455-page indictment against 86 defendants in the first case against alleged members of the supposed clandestine organization Ergenekon on 28 July 2008 a further 14 indictments were submitted up until February 2011. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 Alleged Turkish Military Coup
According to some sources, there was a coup d'état in 1993 in Turkey, allegedly organised and carried out by elements of the Turkish military through covert means. Although the early 1990s were a period of great violence in Turkey due to the Kurdish-Turkish conflict, 1993 saw a series of suspicious deaths: of President Turgut Özal, leading military figures, and journalists. Particularly in the context of the Ergenekon trials from 2008 onwards and related investigations into the Turkish deep state and the suspicious deaths from this period, claims of a "covert coup" intended to prevent a peace settlement (and to protect the covert relationships between the Turkish military, intelligence services including JITEM, Counter-Guerrilla, certain Kurdish groups including Kurdish Hizbollah, and the Turkish mafia) have been made. Fikri Sağlar, a former member of the parliamentary commission which investigated the Susurluk scandal which first began to shed light on the Turkish deep state, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İzmir Plot
In 1926, the Turkish police arrested dozens of people, including ex-ministers, lawmakers and governors, accused of plotting to assassinate Mustafa Kemal, the first president of Turkey, on 14 June 1926 in İzmir. The assassination was planned to take place in the Kemeraltı district of İzmir. As Mustafa Kemal Pasha's car would have slowed down at the crossroads, Ziya Hurşit, Ziya Hurşit Bey would have opened fire on him from Gaffarzâde Hotel with Gürcü (Georgians, Georgian) Yusuf and Laz İsmail throwing bombs and explosives at him from the barber shop under the hotel. Meanwhile, they had planned to escape from the scene with Çopur Hilmi and Giritli (Crete, Cretan) Şevki, who would wait in a car on the side street, and then send them to Chios with a motor. However, through the telegram sent to Mustafa Kemal Pasha by İzmir Governor Kâzım Dirik, Kâzım Bey on 14 June, the plan was uncovered and the president postponed his trip to İzmir. In the letter written by Giritli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1963 Turkish Coup Attempt
The 1963 Turkish coup attempt () was a failed coup d'état in Turkey by a group of dissident military officers, led by Colonel Talat Aydemir, former Commandant of the Turkish Military Academy, along with his chief associate Major Fethi Gurcan. The second and final coup attempt to be orchestrated by the colonel, it aimed to overthrow the coalition government headed by İsmet İnönü. Unlike the initial lenience shown by the government to the rebels following the 1962 coup attempt, where they were granted a full pardon, a harsher approach was taken instead this time. Colonel Aydemar and Major Gurcan were tried, sentenced to death, then executed the following year. Background and motivation Staff Colonel Talat Aydemir had been dismissed from the army and sent into retirement after the coup attempt on February 22, 1962, but he had continued his plans for a new attempt. The broad political context for the 1963 attempted coup was similar to that which led to the 1962 attempt. A group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1962 Turkish Coup Attempt
The 1962 attempted coup in Turkey (also known as the February 22 Incident) was led by the Commander of the Turkish Military Academy, Staff Colonel Talat Aydemir and his associates, who were opposed to the democratically elected government in Turkey. Despite taking control of much of Ankara, the coup leaders quickly realised they could not prevail and surrendered without any loss of life occurring. Talat Aydemir went on to lead a further coup attempt in 1963. Background The Armed Forces Union Following the 1960 Turkish coup d'état, the military National Unity Committee (MBK) purged the formerly governing Democrat Party, oversaw the drafting of a new constitution and returned power to elected civilian authorities. Nevertheless, there were groups of junior officers who felt that the direction taken by the MBK was wrong, particularly after it had dismissed “the fourteen” hardline coup supporters on 13 November 1960. Following the dismissal of the fourteen hardliners, the High C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
