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Trial Of The Vestal Virgins (114–113 BC)
Aemilia, Licinia and Marcia were Roman vestal Virgins, who were prosecuted for having broken the vow of chastity in two famous trials between 115 and 113 BC. The first trial was conducted by the Pontifex Maximus Metellus Delmaticus, who sentenced Aemilia to death in 114 BC. The decision to spare the other two vestals triggered outrage and led to a follow-up trial headed by Cassius Longinus Ravilla. Licinia and Marcia were subsequently put to death as well. The trials were heavily influenced by the political background and network of the participants. The individuals Aemilia was a member of the patrician gens Aemilia. Licinia was a member of the plebeian gens Licinia and the daughter of Gaius Licinius Crassus. In 123, her dedication of an altar was cancelled by the pontiffs because it had been made without the approval of the people. Marcia was a member of the plebeian gens Marcia and possibly the daughter of Quintus Marcius Rex, praetor in 144 BC. The trials In Dec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vestal Virgin
In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals (, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several suitable candidates, freed from any legal ties and obligations to their birth family, and enrolled in Vesta's priestly college of six priestesses. They were supervised by a senior vestal but chosen and governed by Rome's leading male priest, the -- in the Imperial era, this meant the emperor. Vesta's acolytes vowed to serve her for at least thirty years, study and practise her rites in service of the Roman State, and maintain their chastity throughout. In addition to their obligations on behalf of Rome, Vestals had extraordinary rights and privileges, some of which were granted to no others, male or female. The Vestals took turns to supervise Vesta's sacred hearth so that at least one Vestal was stationed there at all times. Vestals who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sextus Peducaeus
Sextus is an ancient Roman ''praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Although it is sometimes thought that these names originally referred to birth order and were then handed down through the family line, they may have also been a reference to the month of birth. Similar names were used among the Sabellians. The ''gens'' name Sextius is a related form.E.T. Salmon, ''Samnium and the Samnites'' (Cambridge University Press, 1967, 2010), pp. 53, 156. Among those named Sextus are: * Sextus Julius Africanus * Sextus Appuleius * Sextus Afranius Burrus * Sextus Julius Caesar * Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus * Sextus of Chaeronea (nephew of Plutarch, he and Sextus Empiricus may be one and the same) * Sextus Empiricus (he and Sextus of Chaeronea may be one and the same) * Sextus Julius Frontinus * Sextus Martinianus * Sextus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vestal Virgins
In Religion in ancient Rome, ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals (, singular ) were Glossary of ancient Roman religion#sacerdos, priestesses of Vesta (mythology), Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several suitable candidates, freed from any legal ties and obligations to their birth family, and enrolled in Vesta's priestly Collegium (ancient Rome), college of six priestesses. They were supervised by a senior vestal but chosen and governed by Rome's leading male priest, the -- in the Imperial era, this meant the emperor. Vesta's acolytes vowed to serve her for at least thirty years, study and practise her rites in service of the Roman State, and maintain their chastity throughout. In addition to their obligations on behalf of Rome, Vestals had extraordinary rights and privileges, some of which were granted to no others, male or female. The Vestals took tu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Crawford (historian)
Michael Hewson Crawford (born 7 December 1939) is a British ancient historian and numismatist. Having taught at Christ's College, Cambridge and the University of Cambridge, he was Professor of Ancient History at University College London from 1986 until he retired in 2005. Early life Crawford was born in Twickenham on 7 December 1939. He was educated at St Paul's School, Oriel College, Oxford (BA, MA), and the British School at Rome. Academic career In 1964, Crawford was elected a research fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. From 1969 until 1986 he was Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, and University Lecturer in Ancient History in the University of Cambridge. He was Professor of Ancient History at University College London from 1986 until 2005, becoming emeritus professor on his retirement. He continued to undertake some teaching in the Department of History and works on Projet Volterra. In 1964/65, Crawford was Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow at Princeton Universi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton
Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton, FBA (; 17 February 1900 – 17 September 1993) was a Canadian classical scholar and leading Latin prosopographer of the twentieth century. He is especially noted for his definitive three-volume work, '' Magistrates of the Roman Republic'' (1951-1986). Life and career Broughton was born in 1900 in Corbetton, Ontario. He attended Victoria College at the University of Toronto. There he received a B.A. in 1921 with honors in classics. He earned his M.A. in 1922. After studying at the University of Chicago, he was made a Rogers Fellow at Johns Hopkins University, where he received a Ph.D. in Latin in 1928, having studied under the famed ancient historian Tenney Frank (1876-1939). He began his teaching career at Victoria College, Toronto. Broughton would go on to teach at Amherst College, Bryn Mawr College (1928-1965) and, later, serve as George L. Paddison Professor of Latin at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1965-1971), wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forum Boarium
The Forum Boarium (, ) was the cattle market or '' forum venalium'' of ancient Rome. It was located on a level piece of land near the Tiber between the Capitoline, the Palatine and Aventine hills. As the site of the original docks of Rome () and adjacent to the Pons Aemilius, the earliest stone bridge across the Tiber, the Forum Boarium experienced intense commercial activity. History The site was a religious centre housing the Temple of Hercules Victor, the Temple of Portunus (Temple of Fortuna Virilis), and the massive 6th or 5th century BC Ara Maxima. According to legend, when Hercules arrived in this area with Geryon’s oxen, he was robbed of these by the giant Cacus, who lived in a cave at the foot of the Aventine hill. After slaying the giant, Hercules was honoured as a god by the ancient dwellers of the Palatine hill, who are said to have dedicated an altar to him. The tufa stone core of this altar is housed inside the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin. The F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Venus Verticordia
Venus Verticordia ("Changer of Hearts" or "Heart-Turner") was an aspect of the List of Roman deities, Roman goddess Venus (mythology), Venus conceived as having the power to convert either virgins or sexually active women from dissolute desire (''libido'') to sexual virtue (''pudicitia''). Under this title, Venus was especially Glossary of ancient Roman religion#cultus, cultivated by married women, and on 1 April she was celebrated at the Veneralia festival with public bathing. The epithet ''Verticordia'' derives from the Latin words ''verto'', "turn", and ''cor'', the heart as "the seat of subjective experience and wisdom". The conversion, however, was thought of as occurring in the mind – the ''mens'' or "ethical core". Women were thus viewed as having the moral agency necessary for shaping society, albeit in roles differing from men. Venus Verticordia was one of several goddesses whose new or reinterpreted theology or cult practice was meant to inform the conduct of women as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sibylline Books
The ''Sibylline Books'' () were a collection of oracular utterances, set out in Greek hexameter verses, that, according to tradition, were purchased from a sibyl by the last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, and consulted at momentous crises through the history of the Roman Republic and the Empire. Only fragments have survived, the rest being lost or deliberately destroyed. The ''Sibylline Books'' are not the same as the ''Sibylline Oracles'', which are fourteen books and eight fragments of prophecies thought to be of Judaeo-Christian origin. History left, Erythraean_Sibyl.html" ;"title="Michelangelo's rendering of the Erythraean Sibyl">Michelangelo's rendering of the Erythraean Sibyl According to the Roman tradition, the oldest collection of Sibylline books appears to have been made about the time of Solon and Cyrus the Great, Cyrus at Gergis, Troad, Gergis on Mount Ida (Turkey), Mount Ida in the Troad; it was attributed to the Hellespontine Sibyl and was preserve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacred Fire Of Vesta
The sacred fire of Vesta was a sacred Eternal flame#Extinguished flames, eternal flame in ancient Rome. The Vestal Virgins, originally numbering two, later four, and eventually six, were Cleromancy, selected by lot and served for thirty years, tending the holy fire and performing other rituals connected to Household, domestic life—among them were the ritual sweeping of the temple on June 15 and the preparation of food for certain festivals. By analogy, they also tended the life and soul of the city and of the body politic through the sacred fire of Vesta (mythology), Vesta. The eternal burning of the sacred fire was a sign that determined eternal Rome. The fire was renewed every year on the Kalends of March. Plutarch's (c. 1st century AD) ''Parallel Lives'' records the Vestal Virgins’ use of Burning glass, burning mirrors to relight the fire: If it (the fire) happens by any accident to be put out ... it is not to be lighted again from another fire, but new fire is to be ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcus Antonius (orator)
Marcus Antonius (143–87 BC) was a Roman politician of the Antonius family and one of the most distinguished Roman orators of his time. He was also the grandfather of the famous general and triumvir, Mark Antony. Career His ''cursus honorum'' begins with the quaestorship in 113 BC and an incident involving the Vestals, and in 102 Antonius was elected praetor with proconsular powers for the Roman province of Cilicia. During his term, Antonius fought the pirates with such success that the Senate voted a naval triumph in his honor. He was then elected consul in 99, together with Aulus Postumius Albinus, and in 97, he was elected censor. He held a command in the Social War in 90. During the civil war between Cinna and Octavius, Antonius supported the latter. This cost him his life; Gaius Marius and Cinna executed him when they obtained possession of Rome in 87. Throughout Antonius' political career, he continued to appear as a mediative defender or an accuser in Roman c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lucius Licinius Crassus
Lucius Licinius Crassus (140 – September 91 BC) was a Roman orator and statesman who was a Roman consul and Roman censor, censor and who is also one of the main speakers in Cicero's dramatic dialogue on the art of oratory ''De Oratore'', set just before Crassus' death in 91 BC. He was considered the greatest orator of his day by his pupil Cicero. Early life Lucius Licinius Crassus was born in 140 BC. It is not known exactly which Licinius Crassus his father was, as there are a number of similarly named Licinii Crassi active in the mid-second century BC. However, Prosopography, prosopographical investigations by scholars have established that he must have been a grandson of Licinii Crassi, Gaius Licinius Crassus, the consul of 168 who marched his army from Gallia Cisalpina to Macedonia (region), Macedonia against the will of the Senate. Lucius was, therefore, the child of one of this Gaius Crassus' sons. Lucius was taught at a young age by the Roman historian and jurist Lucius ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla
Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla was a Roman politician. He served as consul in 127 BC and censor at the following lustrum in 125 BC. His first recorded office was that of tribune of the plebs in 137 BC. As a tribune of the plebs, he successfully proposed in the ''concilium plebis'' a law to introduce secret ballot for all trials before the Assemblies except those related to ''perduellio'' (treason); the bill was supported by Scipio Aemilianus but opposed by the then-consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina and his tribunician colleague Marcus Antius Briso. He served in the praetorship some time before 130 BC, and was elected to the consulship for 127 BC with Lucius Cornelius Cinna. After his consulship, he was elected as censor for 125 BC with Gnaeus Servilius Caepio; during their censorship, they constructed the Aqua Tepula and named Publius Cornelius Lentulus as ''princeps senatus''. He was renowned for severity as a iudex and gained fame for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
