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Treaty Of The Mapuá
The Treaty of the Mapuá ( Portuguese: ''Tratado do Mapuá'') was signed in August 1659 by Portuguese Jesuits led by António Vieira with various indigenous peoples who inhabited the Marajó Archipelago at the mouth of the Amazon River. Background The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 and ratified by Pope Julius II in 1506, had divided the New World between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile. The line was drawn 370 leagues (around 600 km) west of Cape Verde. The problem was knowing where exactly this line was, as the treaty did not specify the exact length of a league, or which of the Cape Verdean islands was intended. The Portuguese naturally adopted an interpretation which claimed the line at its most Western location, which makes it run through the Marajó Archipelago at the mouth of the Amazon River. This put the region at the frontier of their ambitions to establish what later became Colonial Brazil. By the 17th Century, their struggle for dominance in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mapuá River
The Mapuá River () is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Aramá River. In August 1659, the Treaty of the Mapuá was signed here by Portuguese Jesuits led by António Vieira with various indigenous peoples who inhabited the Marajó Archipelago. Course The Mapuá River rises on the island of Marajó in the delta region where the Amazon and Tocantins rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean. It runs along the southern boundary of the Mapuá Extractive Reserve. The Mapuá is a left tributary of the Aramã, which forms the northern boundary of the reserve. The reserve contains sheets of tidal water and mangroves. The reserve is mostly lowland floodplain, with some terra firma in the centre of the territory. See also *List of rivers of Pará List of rivers in Pará ( Brazilian state). The list is arranged by drainage basin from north to south, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name and ordered from downstream ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch Republic
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands and the first independent Dutch people, Dutch nation state. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the Spanish Netherlands Dutch Revolt, revolted against Spanish Empire, Spanish rule, forming a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the Union of Utrecht) and declaring their independence in 1581 (the Act of Abjuration). The seven provinces it comprised were Lordship of Groningen, Groningen (present-day Groningen (province), Groningen), Lordship of Frisia, Frisia (present-day Friesland), Lordship of Overijssel, Overijssel (present-day Overijssel), Duchy of Guelders, Guelders (present-day Gelderland), lordship of Utrecht, Utrecht (present-day Utrecht (province), Utrecht), county of Holland, Holland (present-day North Holla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1659 Treaties
Events January–March * January 14 – In the Battle of the Lines of Elvas, fought near the small city of Elvas in Portugal during the Portuguese Restoration War, the Spanish Army under the command of Luis Méndez de Haro suffers heavy casualties, with over 11,000 of its nearly 16,000 soldiers killed, wounded or taken prisoner; the smaller Portuguese force of 10,500 troops, commanded by André de Albuquerque Ribafria (who is killed in the battle) suffers less than 900 casualties. * January 24 – Pierre Corneille's ''Oedipe'' premieres in Paris. * January 27 – The third and final session of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland is opened by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell, with Chaloner Chute as the Speaker of the House of Commons, with 567 members. "Cromwell's Other House", which replaces the House of Lords during the last years of the Protectorate, opens on the same day, with Richard Cromwell as its speaker. * January 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amapá
Amapá (; ) is one of the 26 federative units of Brazil, states of Brazil. It is in the North Region, Brazil, North Region of Brazil. It is Federative units of Brazil#List, the second-least populous state and the eighteenth-largest state by area. Located in the far northern part of the country, Amapá is bordered clockwise by French Guiana to the north for 730 km, the Atlantic Ocean to the east for 578 km, Pará to the south and west, and Suriname to the northwest for 63 km. The capital and largest city is Macapá. The state has 0.4% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for only 0.22% of the Brazilian gross domestic product, GDP. In the colonial period the region was called Portuguese Guiana and was part of Portuguese Empire, Portugal's State of Brazil. Later, the region was distinguished from the other The Guianas, Guianas. Amapá was once part of Pará, but became a separate territory in 1943, and the decision to make it a state was made in 1988. The first state legis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christianization
Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity. Christianization has, for the most part, spread through missions by individual conversions, but has also, in some instances, been the result of violence by individuals and groups such as governments and militaries. Christianization is also the term used to designate the conversion of previously non-Christian practices, spaces and places to Christian uses and names. In a third manner, the term has been used to describe the changes that naturally emerge in a nation when sufficient numbers of individuals convert, or when secular leaders require those changes. Christianization of a nation is an ongoing process. It began in the Roman Empire when the early individual followers of Jesus became itinerant preachers in response to the command recorded in Matthew 28:19 (sometimes called the Great Commission) to go to all the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese America
Portuguese America (), sometimes called or Lusophone America in the English language, in contrast to Anglo-America, French America, or Hispanic America, is the Portuguese-speaking community of people and their diaspora, notably those tracing back origins to Brazil and the early Portuguese colonization of the Americas. Portugal colonized parts of South America (Brazil; Colónia do Sacramento, in Uruguay; Guanare, in Venezuela), but also made some unsuccessful attempts to colonize North America (Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia in Canada). Brazil is the centre of the community and is the point of origin of most of Portuguese America, but it also includes communities all over the Americas and languages derived from Portuguese, notably Papiamento spoken on Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao; Saramaccan of Suriname; and Cupópia of Brazil which is nearly extinct. Because Portuguese is a Romance language, Portuguese America (specifically Brazil) is considered part of Lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Guiana
French Guiana, or Guyane in French, is an Overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies. Bordered by Suriname to the west and Brazil to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of and a land area of . As of January 2025, it is home to 292,354 people. French Guiana is the second-largest Regions of France, region in France, being approximately one-seventh the size of metropolitan France, European France, and the largest Special member state territories and the European Union, outermost region within the European Union. It has a very low population density, with only . About half of its residents live in its capital, Cayenne. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests, much of it Old-growth forest, primeval Tropical rainforest, rainforest. Guiana Amazonian Park, the largest national park in the European Union covers 41% of French ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macapá
Macapá () is a city in Brazil with a population of 512,902 (2020 estimate), and is the capital of Amapá state in the country's North Region, Brazil, North Region, located on the northern channel of the Amazon Delta near its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean. The city is on a small plateau on the Amazon in the southeast of the state of Amapá. The only access by road from outside the province is from the Overseas France, overseas France, French Departments of France, department of French Guiana, although there are regular ferries to Belém, Brazil. Macapá is linked by road with some other cities in Amapá. The equator runs through the middle of the city, leading residents to refer to Macapá as "''The capital of the middle of the world.''" It covers and is located northwest of the large inland island of Marajó and south of the border with French Guiana. History Macapá is a corruption of the Tupian languages, Tupi word ''macapaba'', or "''place of many bacabas''", the fruit of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caviana
Caviana (Portuguese language, Portuguese: ''Ilha Caviana'', formerly in Aruã language: ''Uyruma'') is a coastal island in the Brazilian state Pará. The island is part of the Amazon Delta. In the 17th and 18th Century it was the stronghold of the Aruã people. From the island a tidal bore called the ''pororoca'' can be observed. Between 1845 and 1850, a strong ''pororoca'' split the island into two parts, called Inner and Outer Caviana. Geography Caviana is part of the municipality Chaves, Pará, Chaves. The Equator runs through Outer Caviana, as well as the 50th meridian west. It is the third-largest island in the Amazon Delta, after Marajó and Ilha Grande de Gurupá. Caviana was formed in the Tertiary period, Tertiary epoch, from river sediments and soil consolidation, consolidated terrain. At the beginning of the Holocene 12,000 years ago, it was already separated from the mainland. The island belongs to the Marajó Archipelago, it is located opposite the north coast of Mara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breves, Pará
Breves is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Pará, on the island of Marajó. Its population is estimated to be 103,497 people. The area of the municipality is 9,550.454 km². The city belongs to the mesoregion Marajó and to the microregion of ''Furos de Breves''. The municipality is contained in the Marajó Archipelago Environmental Protection Area, a sustainable use conservation unit established in 1989 to protect the environment of the delta region. It contains the Mapuá Extractive Reserve, a sustainable use conservation unit created in 2005. The city is served by Breves Airport. In August 1659, the Treaty of the Mapuá was signed at the Mapuá River by Portuguese Jesuits led by António Vieira with various indigenous peoples who inhabited the Marajó Archipelago. The ceremony took place near a locality called Vila Amélia (). In the present day, there is still an indigenous cemetery at the spot where the treaty was signed. Climate The climate is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John IV Of Portugal
''Dom (honorific), Dom'' John IV (; 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), also known by the Portuguese as John the Restorer (), was the List of Portuguese monarchs, King of Portugal from 1640 until his death in 1656. He Portuguese Restoration War, restored the independence of Portugal from Habsburg Spain, Habsburg Spanish rule by terminating the 60-year-old Iberian Union in which Portugal and Spain personal union, shared the same monarch, and by establishing the House of Braganza on the Portuguese throne. Before becoming king, he was John II, the 8th Duke of Braganza. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, a claimant to the crown during the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe. Early life John IV was born at Vila Viçosa and succeeded his father Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza, Teodósio II as Duke of Braganza when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Lu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Captaincy Of Pernambuco
The Captaincy of Pernambuco or New Lusitania () was a hereditary land grant and administrative subdivision of northern Portuguese Brazil during the colonial period from 1534 to 1821, with a brief interruption from 1630 to 1654 when it was part of Dutch Brazil. At the time of the Independence of Brazil, it became a province of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Captaincies were originally horizontal tracts of land (generally) 50 leagues wide extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Treaty of Tordesillas#Tordesillas meridian, Tordesillas meridian. During the earliest years of colonial Brazil, the Captaincy of Pernambuco was one of only two prosperous captaincies in Brazil (the other being Captaincy of São Vicente), primarily due to growing sugar cane. As a result of the failure of other captaincies, in part due to the invasion of the Northeast coast of Brazil by the Dutch during the Seventeenth Century, Pernambuco's geographical area grew as failed captaincies wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
