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Transpac (data Network)
Transpac, also written TRANSPAC, was a French public data network that operated from the December 1978 to June 2012. History The network was opened in December 1978 by the semi-public Transpac society. It offered the X.25 interface to its users, the CCITT standard of 1976 in which computer scientists of the Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET) had played a major role. This network was part of the worldwide X.25 network which, before the Internet, permitted data exchanges around the planet. Initially created for professional customers, it was later used by millions of French terminals Minitels to access consumer applications, forerunners of those of the Internet. In 1987, Transpac was the world's largest public packet-switched network with revenues of nearly $400m. Minitel videotex services accounted for 45% of its data and 20% of its $678m revenue in 1990. By 1991, it was operating in fifteen European countries. France Télécom closed the Minitel, Minitel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Data Network
A public data network (PDN) is a network established and operated by a telecommunications administration, or a recognized private operating agency, for the specific purpose of providing data transmission services for the public. The first public packet switching networks were RETD in Spain (1972), the experimental RCP network in France (1972) and Telenet in the United States (1975). "Public data network" was the common name given to the collection of X.25 providers, the first of which were Telenet in the U.S. and DATAPAC in Canada (both in 1976), and Transpac in France (in 1978). The International Packet Switched Service (IPSS) was the first commercial and international packet-switched network (1978). The networks were interconnected with gateways using X.75. These combined networks had large global coverage during the 1980s and into the 1990s. The networks later provided the infrastructure for the early Internet. Description In communications, a PDN is a circuit- or p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCITT
The International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three Sectors (branches) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It is responsible for coordinating standards for telecommunications and Information Communication Technology, such as X.509 for cybersecurity, Y.3172 and Y.3173 for machine learning, and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for video compression, between its Member States, Private Sector Members, and Academia Members. The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), the sector's governing conference, convenes every four years. ITU-T has a permanent secretariat called the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB), which is based at the ITU headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The current director of the TSB is Seizo Onoe (of Japan), whose 4-year term commenced on 1 January 2023. Seizo Onoe succeeded Chaesub Lee of South Korea, who was director from 1 January 2015 until 31 December 2022. Prima ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centre National D'études Des Télécommunications
The Centre national d'études des télécommunications (French language acronym CNET, ''national center for telecommunication studies'' in English) was a French national research centre in telecommunications. It was created on May 4, 1944 as a French interministerial research centre, but it was placed under the general supervision of the French Minister of PTT (Posts and Telecommunications). In 1990, Directorate General of Telecommunications (DGT) (part of the French Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications) became France Télécom and CNET became the R&D (research and development) centre of France Télécom. In March 2000, CNET was renamed and became part of France Télécom R&D, the research and development division of France Télécom. This division was derived from CNET, the Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications (CCETT, created in 1972) as well as other entities. Since 2007, France Telecom R&D is known as '' Orange Labs'', a global network of R&D ent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minitel
The Minitel, officially known as TELETEL, was an interactive videotex online service accessible through telephone lines. It was the world's first and most successful mass-market online service prior to the World Wide Web. It was developed in Cesson-Sévigné, Brittany, by government-owned France Télécom. The service was initially launched on an experimental basis on 15 July 1980 in Saint-Malo and extended to other regions in autumn 1980. It was commercially introduced throughout France in 1982 by the PTT (Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones; since 1991, divided into France Télécom and La Poste (France), La Poste)."Minitel: The rise and fall of the France-wide web" , Hugh Schofield, ''BBC News Magazine'' (Paris), 27 June 2012. From its inception, users were able to make online purcha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Packet-switched
In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping data into short messages in fixed format, i.e. '' packets,'' that are transmitted over a digital network. Packets consist of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating system, application software, or higher layer protocols. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide. During the early 1960s, American engineer Paul Baran developed a concept he called ''distributed adaptive message block switching'', with the goal of providing a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the United States Department of Defense. His ideas contradicted then-established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, exemplified by the development of telecommuni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet In France
Internet in France has been available to the general public since 1994, but widespread Internet use did not take off until the mid-2000s. As of 31 December 2014, France had 26 million Internet broadband and high-speed connections on fixed networks. In 2014, 80.7% of French households (22.5 million households) had Internet access (47 million users in January 2015, according to Médiamétrie), while 19.3% did not (5.4 million households, out of a total of 27.8 million households). In 2014, 82% of French people aged 12 and over had Internet access at home (even though only 77% used it), and 64% of French people aged 12 years and older connected daily to the Internet from home. Considering all connections locations (not only the home), 83% of French people were Internet users. In metropolitan France, intense competition between Internet service providers has led to the introduction of moderately-priced high speed ADSL up to 28 Mbit/s ( ATM), VDSL2 up to 100 Mbit/s, and FT ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wide Area Networks
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits. Businesses, as well as schools and government entities, use wide area networks to relay data to staff, students, clients, buyers and suppliers from various locations around the world. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet may be considered a WAN. Many WANs are, however, built for one particular organization and are private. WANs can be separated from local area networks (LANs) in that the latter refers to physically proximal networks. Design options The textbook definition of a WAN is a computer network spanning regions, countries, or even the world. However, in terms of the application of communication protocols and concepts, it may be best to view WANs as computer networking technologies used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of The Internet
The history of the Internet originated in the efforts of scientists and engineers to build and interconnect computer networks. The Internet protocol suite, Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France. Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time-sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of achieving this over wide area networks. J. C. R. Licklider developed the idea of a universal network at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the United States United States Department of Defense, Department of Defense (DoD) DARPA, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Independently, Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation proposed a distributed network based on data in message blocks in the ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
