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Timeline Of Women In Science
This is a timeline of women in science, spanning from ancient history up to the 21st century. While the timeline primarily focuses on women involved with natural sciences such as astronomy, biology, chemistry and physics, it also includes women from the social sciences (e.g. sociology, psychology) and the formal sciences (e.g. mathematics, computer science), as well as notable science educators and medical scientists. The chronological events listed in the timeline relate to both scientific achievements and gender equality within the sciences. Ancient history * 1900 BCE: Aganice, also known as Athyrta, was an Egyptian princess during the Middle Kingdom (about 2000–1700 BCE) working on astronomy and natural philosophy. *: Hatshepsut, also known as the Queen Doctor, promoted a botanical expedition searching for officinal plants. * 1200 BCE: The Mesopotamian perfume-maker Tapputi-Belatekallim was referenced in the text of a cuneiform tablet. She is often considered the world' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The MIT Press
The MIT Press is the university press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The MIT Press publishes a number of academic journals and has been a pioneer in the Open Access movement in academic publishing. History MIT Press traces its origins back to 1926 when MIT published a lecture series entitled ''Problems of Atomic Dynamics'' given by the visiting German physicist and later Nobel Prize winner, Max Born. In 1932, MIT's publishing operations were first formally instituted by the creation of an imprint called Technology Press. This imprint was founded by James R. Killian, Jr., at the time editor of MIT's alumni magazine and later to become MIT president. Technology Press published eight titles independently, then in 1937 entered into an arrangement with John Wiley & Sons in which Wiley took over marketing and editorial responsibilities. In 1961, the centennial of MIT's founding charter, the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astrolabe
An astrolabe (; ; ) is an astronomy, astronomical list of astronomical instruments, instrument dating to ancient times. It serves as a star chart and Model#Physical model, physical model of the visible celestial sphere, half-dome of the sky. Its various functions also make it an elaborate inclinometer and an analog computer, analog calculation device capable of working out several kinds of problems in astronomy. In its simplest form it is a metal disc with a pattern of wires, cutouts, and perforations that allows a user to calculate astronomical positions precisely. It is able to measure the horizontal coordinate system, altitude above the horizon of a celestial body, day or night; it can be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time (and vice versa), to survey, or to triangulation, triangulate. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery for all these purposes. The astrolabe, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-ʻIjliyyah
Al-ʻIjliyyah bint al-ʻIjliyy () was a 10th-century maker of astrolabes active in Aleppo, in what is now northern Syria. She is sometimes known in modern popular literature as Mariam al-Asṭurlābiyya () but her supposed first name 'Mariam' is not mentioned in the only known source about her life. Life According to ibn al-Nadim, she was the daughter of another astrolabe maker known as al-ʻIjliyy; she and her father were apprentices (''tilmīthah'') of an astrolabe maker from Baghdad, Nasṭūlus. Al-ʻIjliyyah manufactured astrolabes, an astronomical instrument, during the 10th century; she was employed by the first Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla, who reigned from 944 to 967. Beyond that information, nothing is known about her. Her supposed name, "Mariam", is not supported by sources from her time, and the phrase "al-Asturlabiyy" in the names by which she and her father are known simply means "the astrolabist", and indicates their profession; astrolabes were long known by h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soxhlet Extractor
A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. It was originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a solid material. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a ''limited'' solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. It allows for unmonitored and unmanaged operation while efficiently recycling a small amount of solvent to dissolve a larger amount of material. Description A Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: a percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be extracted, and a siphon mechanism, which periodically empties the condensed solvent from the thimble back into the percolator. Assembly * The source material containing the compound to be extracted is placed inside the thimble. * The thimble is loaded into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. * The extraction sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keng Hsien-Seng
Master Geng (, ) was a Chinese alchemist, and the daughter of Geng Qian. Legend says that during her adolescence, she already demonstrated her intelligence, curiosity, and developed skills in the alchemical arts. Eventually, her skills drew the attention of emperor Xuanzong, who invited her to the palace. Within the palace, rather than being counted as one of the palace women, she was honoured as a scholar, and given the title Master (or Teacher). Whenever she had an audience, she spoke confidently and eloquently, always wearing green robes. She is described as performing alchemical transformations, as well as dabbling in divination. Most of her alchemy focused on creating silver, and tales tell of her ability to use mercury to turn even snow into silver. This, some modern chemists have proposed, might be an example of a legitimate chemical process in which mercury is used to extract silver from ores. She may have also distilled perfumes, and utilized an early form of the So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rufaida Al-Aslamia
Rufayda Al-Aslamia (also transliterated Rufaida Al-Aslamiya or Rufaydah bint Sa`ad) () (born approx. 620 AD; 2 BH) was an Arab medical and social worker recognized as the first female Muslim nurse in Islam. Childhood Personal background Among the first people in Medina to accept Islam, Rufaida Al-Aslamia was born into the Bani Aslem tribe of the Kazraj tribal confederation in Madina, and gained fame for her contribution with other Ansar women who welcomed the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, on arrival in Medina. Familial ties to medicine Born into a family with strong ties to the medical community, Rufaida's father, Sa`ad Al Aslamy, was a physician and mentor under whom Rufaida initially obtained clinical experience. Devoting herself to nursing and taking care of sick people and , Rufaida Al-Aslamia became an expert nurse. Although not given responsibilities held solely by men such as surgeries and amputations, Rufaida Al-Aslamia practiced her skills in field hospitals in her tent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hildegard Of Bingen And Nuns
Hildegard is a female name derived from the Old High German ''hild'' ('war' or 'battle') and ''gard'' ('enclosure' or 'yard'), and means 'battle enclosure'. Variant spellings include: Hildegarde; the Polish, Portuguese, Slovene and Spanish Hildegarda; the Italian Ildegarda; the Hungarian Hildegárd; and the ancient German Hildegardis. Notable people with the name * Hildegard (music duo), 2021 electronic music project by Canadian musicians Helena Deland and Ouri * Princess Hildegard of Bavaria (1825-1864), Bavarian royal * Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), Christian saint * Hildegarde of Burgundy (ca. 1056-1104), French noble * Hildegard of Fraumünster (828–856 or 859), daughter of Louis the German and first abbess of Fraumünster * Hildegard, second wife of Charlemagne * Hildegard, Countess of Auvergne or Matilda (c. 802–841), daughter of Emperor Louis the Pious and Ermengarde of Hesbaye * Hildegard Appeltauer (born 1927), Austrian figure skater and Olympian * Hildeg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alembic
An alembic (from , originating from , 'cup, beaker') is an alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distillation of liquids. Description The complete distilling apparatus consists of three parts: * the "" (Arabic: ; Greek: , ), the still pot containing the liquid to be distilled, which is heated by a flame * the "head" or "cap" (, ; Greek , ) which fits over the mouth of the cucurbit to receive the vapors, with an attached downward-sloping "tube" (, ) * the "receiver" (, ; , or , ) container In the case of another distilling vessel, the retort, the "cap" and the "cucurbit" have been combined to form a single vessel. The anbik is also called the ''raʾs'' (the Arabic word ''raʾs'' means "head") of the cucurbit. The liquid in the cucurbit is heated or boiled; the vapour rises into the ''anbik'', where it cools by contact with the walls and condenses, running down the spout into the receiver. A modern descendant of the alembic is the pot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cleopatra The Alchemist
Cleopatra the Alchemist (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα; fl. ) was a Greek alchemist, writer, and philosopher. She experimented with practical alchemy but is also credited as one of the four female alchemists who could produce the philosopher's stone. Some writers consider her to be the inventor of the alembic, a distillation apparatus. Cleopatra the Alchemist appears to have been active in Alexandria in the 3rd century or 4th century A.D. She is associated with the school of alchemy typified by Mary the Jewess and Comarius. These alchemists used complex apparatus for distillation and sublimation.Taylor, F. Sherwood. “A Survey of Greek Alchemy”. ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 50 (1930): 109–139. Identity and misnomers Cleopatra is a pseudonym for an unknown author or group of authors. She is not the same person as Cleopatra VII. Nonetheless, she is referred to as Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, in some later works. One example of this can be found in ''Basilica Philosophic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypatia
Hypatia (born 350–370 – March 415 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt (Roman province), Egypt: at that time a major city of the Eastern Roman Empire. In Alexandria, Hypatia was a prominent thinker who taught subjects including philosophy and astronomy, and in her lifetime was renowned as a great teacher and a wise counselor. Not the only fourth century Alexandrian female mathematician, Hypatia was preceded by Pandrosion. However, Hypatia is the first female mathematician whose life is reasonably well recorded. She wrote a commentary on Diophantus's thirteen-volume ''Arithmetica'', which may survive in part, having been interpolated into Diophantus's original text, and another commentary on Apollonius of Perga's treatise on conic sections, which has not survived. Many modern scholars also believe that Hypatia may have edited the surviving text of Ptolemy's ''Almagest'', based on the title of her father Theon of A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pandrosion
Pandrosion of Alexandria () was a mathematician in fourth-century-AD Alexandria, discussed in the ''Mathematical Collection'' of Pappus of Alexandria and known for having possibly developed an approximate method for doubling the cube. She is likely the earliest known female mathematician. Contributions Pappus dedicated a section of his ''Collection'' to correcting what he perceives as errors in Pandrosion's students. Although Pappus does not directly state that the method is Pandrosion's, he includes in this section a method for calculating numerically accurate but approximate solutions to the problem of doubling the cube, or more generally of calculating cube roots. It is a "recursive geometric" solution, but three-dimensional rather than working within the plane. Pappus criticized this work as lacking a proper mathematical proof. Another method included in the same section, and potentially attributable in the same way indirectly to Pandrosion, is a correct and exact method for co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
