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The Satanic Verses Controversy
The ''Satanic Verses'' controversy, also known as the Rushdie Affair, was a controversy sparked by the 1988 publication of Indian author, Salman Rushdie's novel ''The Satanic Verses''. It centered on the novel's references to the Satanic Verses (apocryphal verses of the Quran), and came to include a larger debate about censorship and religious violence. It included numerous killings, attempted killings (including against Stabbing of Salman Rushdie, Rushdie himself), and bombings by perpetrators who supported Islam. The affair had a notable impact on geopolitics when, in 1989, Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran, issued a fatwa ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie. The Government of Iran, Iranian government has changed its support for the fatwa several times, including in 1998 when Muhammad Khatami, Mohammad Khatami said the regime no longer supported it. However, a fatwa cannot be revoked in Shia Islamic tradition. In 2017, a statement was published on the official website ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salman Rushdie
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie ( ; born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British and American novelist. His work often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern world, Eastern and Western world, Western civilizations, typically set on the Indian subcontinent. Rushdie's second novel, ''Midnight's Children'' (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed to be "the best novel of all winners" on two occasions, marking the Man Booker Prize#Winners, 25th and the The Best of the Booker, 40th anniversary of the prize. After his fourth novel, ''The Satanic Verses'' (1988), Rushdie became the subject of several assassination attempts and death threats because of what was seen by some to be an irreverent Depictions of Muhammad, depiction of Muhammad. This included a ''fatwa'' calling for his death issued by Ruhollah Khomeini, the supreme leader of Iran. The book was banned in 20 countries. Numerous killin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam And Violence
The use of Political violence, politically and Religious violence, religiously-motivated violence in Islam dates back to History of Islam, its early history. Islam has its origins in the behavior, sayings, and rulings of the Muhammad in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad, his Companions of the Prophet, companions, and the first caliphs in the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries CE. Mainstream Sharia, Islamic law stipulates detailed regulations for the use of violence, including Hudud, corporal and Capital punishment in Islam, capital punishment, as well as regulations on how, when, and whom to Islam and war, wage war against. Legal background Sharia, Sharia law is the basic Islamic religious law derived from the religious precepts of Islam. The Quran and opinions of Muhammad (i.e., the Hadith and Sunnah) are the primary sources of sharia.John Esposito, John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law', p. 2. Syracuse University Press, . Quote: "[...], by the nin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1986 United States Bombing Of Libya
The United States Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps carried out air strikes, code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon, against Libya on 15 April 1986 in retaliation for the West Berlin discotheque bombing ten days earlier, which U.S. President Ronald Reagan blamed on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. There were 40 reported Libyan casualties; one U.S. plane was shot down. One of the claimed Libyan deaths was of a baby girl, reported to be Gaddafi's daughter, Hana Gaddafi. However, there are doubts both as to whether she was really killed, or even if she truly existed. Origins Libya represented a high priority for President Ronald Reagan shortly after his 1981 inauguration. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi was firmly anti-Israel and had supported Resistance organizations in the Palestinian territories and Syria. There were reports that Libya was attempting to become a nuclear power and Gaddafi's occupation of Chad, which was rich in uranium, was of major concern to the United States ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (, ), also known as the 1979 Revolution, or the Islamic Revolution of 1979 (, ) was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The ousting of Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of List of monarchs of Persia, Iran's historical monarchy. In 1953, the CIA- and MI6-backed 1953 Iranian coup d'état overthrew Iran’s democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, who had nationalized the country's oil industry to reclaim sovereignty from British control. The coup reinstalled Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as an absolute monarch and entrenched Iran as a client state of the U.S. and UK. Over the next 26 years, Pahlavi consolidated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) was the last List of monarchs of Iran, Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 to 1979. He succeeded his father Reza Shah and ruled the Imperial State of Iran until he was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution, which abolished the Iranian monarchy to establish the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran. In 1967, he took the title (), and also held several others, including () and (). He was the second and last ruling monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty. His vision of the "Great Civilization" () led to his leadership over rapid industrial and military modernization, as well as economic and social reforms in Iran. During World War II, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran forced the abdication of Reza Shah and succession of Mohammad Reza Shah. During his reign, the Anglo-Iranian Oil, British-owned oil industry was nationalized by the prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, who had support from Iran's national parliament to do so; however, Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Pakistan
The prime minister of Pakistan (, Roman Urdu, romanized: Wazīr ē Aʿẓam , ) is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Cabinet of Pakistan, cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly of Pakistan, National Assembly where he serves as '' Leader of the House''. Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to Motion of no-confidence, command the confidence of the National Assembly of Pakistan, National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "chief executive of the Islamic Republic". Pakistan's prime minister leads the Executive (government), executive branch of the Government of Pakistan, federal government, oversees the Economy of Pakistan, state economy, leads the National As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 11th prime minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990, and again from 1993 to 1996. She was also the first woman elected to head a democratic government in a Muslim-majority country. Ideologically a liberalism, liberal and a secularism, secularist, she chaired or co-chaired the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until Assassination of Benazir Bhutto, her assassination in 2007. Of mixed Sindhis, Sindhi, Persians, Persian, and Kurds, Kurdish parentage, Bhutto was born in Karachi to a Bhutto family, politically important, wealthy aristocratic family. She studied at Harvard University and the University of Oxford, where she was President of the Oxford Union. Her father, the PPP leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Zulfikar Bhutto, was elected prime minister on a socialism, socialist platform in 1973. She returned to Pakistan in 1977, shortly before her father was Operation Fair Play, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 192417 August 1988) was a Pakistani military officer and statesman who served as the sixth president of Pakistan from 1978 until Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, his death in an airplane crash in 1988. He also served as the second Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan), chief of the army staff of the Pakistan Army from 1976 until his death. The country's longest-serving ''de facto'' head of state and chief of the army staff, Zia's political ideology is known as Ziaism. Zia was born in Jalandhar and trained at the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun. He served in the British Indian Army in the Second World War, and following the partition of India in 1947, joined the Pakistan Army and stationed in the Frontier Force Regiment. During Black September, he played a prominent role in defending the Jordanian Armed Forces against the Palestine Liberation Organization. In 1976, Zia was elevated to the rank of General (Pakistan), General and was appointed as ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani barrister and politician who served as the fourth president of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and later as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan, prime minister of Pakistan from 1973 until his 1977 Pakistani military coup, overthrow in 1977. He was also the founder and first chairman of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) from 1967 until his execution in 1979. Born in Sindh and educated at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Oxford, Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn before entering Pakistani politics, politics. He was a cabinet member during President Iskandar Ali Mirza's tenure, holding various ministries during president Ayub Khan's military rule from 1958. Bhutto became the Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Foreign Minister in 1963, advocating for Operation Gibraltar in Kashmir, leading to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, 1965 war with India. Following the Tashkent Declaration, he w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shame (Rushdie Novel)
Shame is an unpleasant self-conscious emotion often associated with negative self-evaluation; motivation to quit; and feelings of pain, exposure, distrust, powerlessness, and worthlessness. Definition Shame is a discrete, basic emotion, described as a Moral emotions, moral or social emotion that drives people to hide or deny their wrongdoings.Shein, L. (2018). "The Evolution of Shame and Guilt". PLoSONE, 13(7), 1–11. Moral emotions are emotions that have an influence on a person's decision-making skills and monitors different social behaviors. The focus of shame is on the self or the individual with respect to a perceived audience. It can bring about profound feelings of deficiency, defeat, inferiority, unworthiness, or self-loathing. Our attention turns inward; we isolate from our surroundings and withdraw into closed-off self-absorption. Not only do we feel alienated from others but also from the healthy parts of ourselves. The Social alienation, alienation from the wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman à Clef
A ''roman à clef'' ( ; ; ) is a novel about real-life events that is overlaid with a façade of fiction. The fictitious names in the novel represent real people and the "key" is the relationship between the non-fiction and the fiction. This metaphorical key may be produced separately—typically as an explicit guide to the text by the author—or implied, through the use of epigraphs or other literary techniques. Madeleine de Scudéry created the ''roman à clef'' in the 17th century to provide a forum for her thinly veiled fiction featuring political and public figures. An author might choose the ''roman à clef'' as a means of satire, of writing about controversial topics, reporting inside information on scandals without giving rise to charges of libel, the opportunity to turn the tale the way the author would like it to have gone, the opportunity to portray autobiographical experiences without having to expose the author as the subject, avoiding incrimination that could ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feroze Gandhi
Feroze Jehangir Gandhi (12 September 1912 – 8 September 1960) was an Indian freedom fighter, politician and journalist. He served as a member of the provincial parliament between 1950 and 1952, and later a member of the Lok Sabha, the Lower house of Indian parliament. He published ''The National Herald (India), The National Herald'' and ''Navjivan (newspaper), The Navjivan'' newspapers. His wife, Indira Gandhi (daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India), and their elder son Rajiv Gandhi were both List of prime ministers of India, prime ministers of India. He was a member of Indian National Congress. Early life and education Feroze Gandhi was born on 12 September 1912 to a Parsi family at the Parsi Lying-in Hospital, Tehmulji Nariman Hospital in the Fort (Mumbai precinct), Fort district of Mumbai, Bombay; his parents, Jehangir Faredoon Gandhi and Ratimai (née Commissariat), lived in Nauroji Natakwala Bhawan in Khetwadi Mohalla in Bombay. His father Jehan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
