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Soviet Democracy
Soviet democracy, also called council democracy, is a type of democracy in Marxism, in which the rule of a population is exercised by directly elected '' soviets'' ( workers' councils). Soviets are directly responsible to their electors and bound by their instructions using a delegate model of representation. Such an imperative mandate is in contrast to a trustee model, in which elected delegates are exclusively responsible to their conscience. Delegates may accordingly be dismissed from their post at any time through recall elections. Soviet democracy forms the basis for the soviet republic system of government. This model has influenced anarchist-communist theorists, who have adopted federalist council democracy for its focus on bottom up self-administration. In a soviet democracy, people are organized in basic units; for example, the workers of a company, the inhabitants of a district, or the soldiers of a barracks. They directly elect delegates as public functionaries, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democracy In Marxism
Marxist theory envisions that a new democratic society would rise through the organized actions of the international working class, enfranchising the entire population and freeing up humans to act without being bound by the labour market. There would be little, if any, need for a state, the goal of which was to enforce the alienation of labour; as such, the state would eventually wither away as its conditions of existence disappear. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels stated in ''The Communist Manifesto'' (1848) and later works that "the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy", and universal suffrage being "one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat". As Marx wrote in his ''Critique of the Gotha Programme'' (1875), "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris Commune
The Paris Commune (, ) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris on 18 March 1871 and controlled parts of the city until 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard (France), National Guard had defended Paris, and working-class radicalism grew among its soldiers. Following the establishment of the French Third Republic in September 1870 (under French chief-executive Adolphe Thiers from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the French Army by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on 18 March. The Communards killed two French Army generals and refused to accept the authority of the Third Republic; instead, the radicals set about establishing their own independent government. The Commune governed Paris for two months, promoting policies that tended toward a Progressivism, progressive, anti-clericalism , anti-religious system, which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1936 Constitution Of The Soviet Union
The 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, also known as the Stalin Constitution, was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 5 December 1936. The 1936 Constitution was the second constitution of the Soviet Union and replaced the 1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union, 1924 Constitution, with 5 December being celebrated annually as Soviet Constitution Day from its adoption by the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union, Congress of Soviets. This date was considered the "second foundational moment" of the USSR, after the October Revolution in 1917. The 1936 Constitution redesigned the government of the Soviet Union, expanded all manner of rights and freedoms, and spelled out a number of Democracy, democratic procedures. The Congress of Soviets replaced itself with the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Supreme Soviet, which amended the 1936 Constitution in 1944. The 1936 Constitution was the longest surviving constitution of the Soviet Union, and many Eastern Bloc countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks)
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks), later renamed the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (United), was a political party in Russia. It emerged in 1912 as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was divided into two, the other group being the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks). However, the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks had existed as factions of the original party since 1903.Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19'. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. pp. 336–337. History After the 1912 split, the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia became a federated part of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik) as by this time the Mensheviks had accepted the idea of a federated party organization. August 19-26, 1917 a 'unification congress' was organized by the party in Petrograd seeking to unite different social democratic factions, at which Menshevik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist Revolutionary Party
The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR; ,, ) was a major socialist political party in the late Russian Empire, during both phases of the Russian Revolution, and in early Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia. The party members were known as Esers (). The SRs were Agrarian socialism, agrarian socialists and supporters of a Democratic socialism, democratic socialist Russian republic. The ideological heirs of the Narodniks, the SRs won a mass following among the Russian peasantry by endorsing the overthrow of the Russian Empire, Tsar and the Land reform, redistribution of land to the peasants. The SRs boycotted the 1906 Russian legislative election, elections to the First State Duma (Russian Empire), Duma following the 1905 Russian Revolution, Revolution of 1905 alongside the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, but chose to run in the elections to the Second Duma and received the majority of the few seats allotted to the peasantry. Following the Coup of Jun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Political Parties In The Soviet Union
The following is a list of political parties in the Soviet Union: Russia / Soviet Union *Communist Party of the Soviet Union (established in January 1912, dissolved in August 1991) ** Left Opposition (1923–1933) ** Workers' Truth (1921–1923) ** Workers' Group (1923–1930) ** Right Opposition (1924–1933) ** United Opposition (1926–1927) ** Left-Right Bloc (1930) ** Union of Marxist-Leninists (1932) ** Bloc of Soviet Oppositions (1932–1933) **Anti-Party Group (1957) **Soyuz (1990–1991) ** Bolshevik Platform (1991) ** State Committee on the State of Emergency (1991) Underground * True Communists (1940) * Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks) (established in 1960s) * All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Liberation of the People (1964–1967) * Left School (established in Winter 1972–1973, dissolved in January 1977) * Party of New Communists (established in Winter 1972–1973, dissolved in January 1977) * Neo-Communist Party of the Soviet Union (established ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vadim Rogovin
Vadim Zakharovich Rogovin (; 10 May 1937 – 18 September 1998) was a Russian Marxist (Trotskyist) historian and sociologist, Ph.D. in philosophy, Leading Researcher at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the author of ''Was There An Alternative?'', the 7-volume study of the Stalin era between 1923 and 1940, with an emphasis on the Trotskyist opposition. He was considered the leading Trotskyist Soviet historian to emerge after Perestroika. Rogovin was a supporter of the International Committee of the Fourth International. In 1998, Rogovin died of cancer, survived by his wife, Galina Valiuzhenich. ''Was There An Alternative?'' Introduction In the introduction to the first volume of the ''Was There An Alternative?'' series, Rogovin explains his position and the purpose of this work as follows. In the history of the Soviet Union a crucial question was to find out the reason for the emergence of the phenomenon of Stalinism. Rogovin writes there a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
The Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries-Internationalists () was a revolutionary socialist political party formed during the Russian Revolution. In 1917, the Socialist Revolutionary Party split between those who supported the Russian Provisional Government, established after the February Revolution and those who supported the Bolsheviks, who favoured the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the placing of political power in the hands of the Congress of Soviets. Those that continued to support the Provisional Government became known as the Right SRs while those who aligned with the Bolsheviks became known as the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries or Left SRs (). After the October Revolution, the Left SRs formed a coalition government with the Bolsheviks from November 1917 to March 1918, but resigned its position in government after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Central Committee of the Left SRs ultimately ordered the assassination of Wilhelm von Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-party State
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system. In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or enjoy limited and controlled participation in election An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...s. The term "''de facto'' one-party state" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power. Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population. Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Participation (decision Making)
Citizen participation or public participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions—and ideally exert influence—regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management), cultural (i.e. polyculturalism) or familial (i.e. feminism). For well-informed participation to occur, it is argued that some version of transparency, e.g. radical transparency, is necessary but not sufficient. It has also been argued that those most affected by a decision should have the most say while those that are least affected should have the least say in a topic. Classifying participation Sherry Arnstein discusses eight types of participation in ''A Ladder of Citizen Participation'' (1969). Often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Joachim Friedrich
Carl Joachim Friedrich (; ; June 5, 1901 – September 19, 1984) was a German-American professor and political theorist. He taught alternately at Harvard and Heidelberg until his retirement in 1971. His writings on state and constitutional theory, constitutionalism and government made him one of the world's leading political scientists in the post-World War II period. He is one of the most influential scholars of totalitarianism. Biography Early years in Germany: 1901–1936 Friedrich was Born on June 5, 1901, in Leipzig, in the Kingdom of Saxony in the German Empire, the son of renowned professor of medicine Paul Leopold Friedrich, the inventor of the surgical rubber glove, and a Prussian countess of the von Bülow family. The Friedrichs were Protestant. He attended the Gymnasium Philippinum from 1911 to 1919, where he received an elite German secondary education focusing on classical languages and literature (at his American naturalization proceeding, he described his relig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
