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South-East Asia Campaign Of Rajendra I
Inscriptions and historical sources assert that the Medieval Chola Emperor Rajendra I sent a naval expedition to Indochina, the Indonesia and Malay Peninsula in 1025 in order to subdue Srivijaya. Kulke, p 212 The Thiruvalangadu plates, the Leyden grant, and the Tamil stele of Rajendra I are the principal sources of information about the campaign. Sources The most detailed source of information on the campaign is the Tamil stele of Rajendra I. Sastri, p 211 The stele states: The Thiruvalangadu plates, from the fourteenth year of Rajendra Chola I, mentions his conquest of Kadaram but does not go into the details. The first attempt by someone from outside India to identify the places associated with the campaign was made by epigraphist E. Hultzsch, who had published the stele in 1891. Sastri, p 212 Hultzsch identified the principalities mentioned in the inscription with places ruled by the Pandyan Dynasty. In 1903, he rescinded his theory and stated that the stele described Raj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Southern Thailand
Southern Thailand (formerly Southern Siam and Tambralinga) is the southernmost cultural region of Thailand, separated from Central Thailand by the Kra Isthmus. Geography Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around , bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus, the narrowest part of the peninsula. The western part has highly steep coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river in the south is the Tapi, in Surat Thani, which, together with the Phum Duang in Surat Thani, drains more than , more than 10 percent of the total area of southern Thailand. Smaller rivers include the Pattani, Saiburi, Krabi, and the Trang. The largest lake in the south is Songkhla Lake ( altogether). The largest artificial lake is the Chiao Lan (Ratchaprapha Dam), occupying of Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani. The total forest area is or 24.3 percent of provincial area. Running through the middle of the peninsula are several mountain chains, wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Kamalanka
Kamalanka (''Chia-mo-lang-chia'', ''Lang-chia'', ''Lang-ya-hsiu'') or Kolo (''Gē Luó'') in the Chinese texts, or Balangka/Kalonga in the ''Geography (Ptolemy), Geographike Hyphegesis'' of Ptolemy, or Mevilimbangam in the Tamil inscriptions in Malay world#Tanjore Inscription, Tanjore Inscription, was an ancient political entity located in the west Chao Phraya River basin in central Thailand. It existed from the late 1st or early 2nd century CE to 1058. Its chief city, located at the ancient Nakhon Pathom, was possibly destroyed by the troops of Pagan kingdom, Pagan's Anawrahta in 1058 during his Chao Phraya River, Menam invasion to attack the Lavo Kingdom. This marks the ending of Kamalanka. Previously, it was raided by the Chola Empire during the South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I in 1030. Its successor, Chen Li Fu centered at ''Suvarnapura'', appeared around the 12th century, 90 kilometers northward in the present-day Don Chedi District, Don Chedi, Suphan Buri provi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Bago, Burma
Bago (formerly spelled Pegu; , ), formerly known as Hanthawaddy, is a city and the capital of the Bago Region in Myanmar. It is located north-east of Yangon. Etymology The Burmese name Bago (ပဲခူး) is likely derived from the Mon language place name Bagaw (, ). Until the Burmese government renamed English place names throughout the country in 1989, Bago was known as Pegu. Bago was formerly known as Hanthawaddy (; ; ; lit. "she who possesses the sheldrake"), the name of a Burmese-Mon kingdom. An alternative etymology from the 1947 Burmese Encyclopedia derives Bago (ပဲခူး) from Wanpeku () as a shortening of Where the Hinthawan Ducks Graze (). This etymology relies on the non-phonetic Burmese spelling as its main reasoning. History Establishment Various Mon language chronicles report widely divergent foundation dates of Bago, ranging from 573 CE to 1152 CEA version of the 18th century chronicle '' Slapat Rajawan'' as reported by Arthur Pha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Pandyan Dynasty
The Pandya dynasty (), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras. Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). Under Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I and Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, the Pandyas ruled extensive territories including regions of present-day South India and northern Sri Lanka through vassal states subject to Madurai. The Pandya dynasty is the longest ruling dynasty in the world. The rulers of the three Tamil dynasties were referred to as the " three crowned rulers (the mu-ventar) of the Tamil Region" in the southern part of India. The origin and the timeline of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish. The early Pandya chieftains ruled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Epigraphy
Epigraphy () is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document and the artistic value of a literature, literary composition. A person using the methods of epigraphy is called an ''epigrapher'' or ''epigraphist''. For example, the Behistun inscription is an official document of the Achaemenid Empire engraved on native rock at a location in Iran. Epigraphists are responsible for reconstructing, translating, and dating the trilingual inscription and finding any relevant circumstances. It is the work of historians, however, to determine and interpret the events recorded by the inscription as document. Often, epigraphy and history are competences practised by the same person. Epigraphy is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sastri
Sastri is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: __NOTOC__ A * A. Seshayya Sastri (1828–1903), Indian administrator, Diwan of Travancore 1872–1877 and Diwan of Pudukkottai 1878–1894 B * Bapudeva Sastri (1821–1900), Indian scholar in Sanskrit and mathematics C * C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri (1870–1934), Indian lawyer, Sanskrit scholar, justice of the Madras High Court * C. V. Viswanatha Sastri, Indian lawyer, Sanskrit scholar, justice of the Madras High Court * C. V. Runganada Sastri (1819–1881), Indian judge, interpreter, civil servant and polyglot * Cheyyur Chengalvaraya Sastri, a carnatic music composer D * Devudu Narasimha Sastri (1895–1962), Kannada writer, novelist, Sanskrit scholar, ritualist, actor and a journalist * Devulapalli Krishnasastri (1887–1980), Telugu poet, playwright and translator * Dhulipala Seetharama Sastri (1921–2007), Telugu film and Stage Actor E * Eemani Sankara Sastri (1922–1987), Veena player of Carnatic music ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Stele
A stele ( ) or stela ( )The plural in English is sometimes stelai ( ) based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ ( ) based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles ( ) or stelas ( ). is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument. The surface of the stele often has text, ornamentation, or both. These may be inscribed, carved in relief, or painted. Stelae were created for many reasons. Grave stelae were used for funerary or commemorative purposes. Stelae as slabs of stone would also be used as ancient Greek and Roman government notices or as boundary markers to mark borders or property lines. Stelae were occasionally erected as memorials to battles. For example, along with other memorials, there are more than half-a-dozen steles erected on the battlefield of Waterloo at the locations of notable actions by participants in battle. A traditional Wester ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Indochina
Mainland Southeast Asia (historically known as Indochina and the Indochinese Peninsula) is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. It includes the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam as well as Peninsular Malaysia. The term ''Indochina'' (originally ''Indo-China'') was coined in the early nineteenth century, emphasizing the historical cultural influence of Indian and Chinese civilizations on the region. The term was later adopted as the name of the colony of French Indochina (present-day Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). Today, the term "Mainland Southeast Asia" is more commonly used, in contrast to Maritime Southeast Asia for the island groups off the coast of the peninsula. Terminology In Indian sources, the earliest name connected with Southeast Asia is . Another possible early name of ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Medieval Cholas
The Chola Empire, which is often referred to as the Imperial Cholas, was a medieval thalassocratic empire based in southern India that was ruled by the Chola dynasty, and comprised overseas dominions, protectorates and spheres of influence in southeast Asia. The power and the prestige the Cholas had among political powers in South, Southeast, and East Asia at its peak is evident in their expeditions to the Ganges, naval raids on cities of the Srivijaya Empire on the island of Sumatra, and their repeated embassies to China. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p. 158 The Chola fleet represented the peak of ancient Indian maritime capacity. Around 1070, the Cholas began to lose almost all of their overseas territories but the later Cholas (1070–1279) continued to rule portions of southern India. The Chola empire went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of the Pandyan dynasty, which ultimately caused the Chola's downfall. K. A. N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Samara Vijayatunggavarman
Samara Vijayatunggavarman was the Maharaja of Srivijaya from 1045 CE. Evidence Srivijaya was thought to be destroyed by Chola during the attack in 1025. But in 1966 a Sri Lanka archaeologist named S. Puranavitana discovered two inscriptions; the Madigiriya inscription and Bolanda inscription. Madigiriya inscription This inscription was written during the short reign of Mahinda VI. Bolanda inscription This inscription wrote about the story of Adipada Mahendra who had been defeated in a battle. He fled his land and gained protection at Srivijaya which was ruled by Maravijayottungavarman at that time. Adipada Mahendra had a son named Mahendra and a princess who married Maravijayottungavarman. From the marriage, the Maharaja had two children, Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman and Samara Vijayatunggavarman. Mahendra later married with Samara's princess. The inscription also wrote about Rajendra Chola I's murder. History Rajendra Chola I launched an attack on Srivijaya and captured ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman
Sangrama Vijayottunggavarman (spelled alternatively as ''Sangramavijayottunggavarman'' or ''Sang Rama Wijaya Tungga Warman'') was an emperor of Srivijaya of Sailendra dynasty, who reigned in the early 11th century in Kadaram and succeeded Mara Vijayottunggavarman. He is best known for being captured by the Chola Navy following the Cholan invasion of Srivijaya. The name of the emperor was inscribed on an inscription dated 1030 CE in Rajarajeshwaram Temple, Tanjore. The inscription was made during the reign of Rajendra Chola I, to commemorate his military campaign against Srivijaya that was launched in 1025. The inscription states that the Cholas successfully sacked Kadaram and took a large amount of treasures, including the Vidhyadara-torana, the jewelled 'war gate' of Srivijaya adorned with great splendour. During the raid of Kadaram, Vijayatunggavarman was captured. See also * Greater India * Hinduism in Indonesia Hinduism is the third-largest religion in Indonesia, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
