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Sawtooth Roof
A saw-tooth roof is a roof comprising a series of ridges with dual pitches either side. The steeper surfaces are glazed to admit daylight and face away from the equator to shield workers and machinery from direct sunlight. This kind of roof admits natural light into a deep plan building or factory. It was therefore most commonly built during the Machine Age from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth, when electrification of factories was not yet common. Many factories of the era had little or no electrical wiring; their main power sources for the machinery were often steam engines driving line shafting, and the lighting was chiefly via daylighting through the windows. Work done at night, when necessary, was typically lit by oil lamps and candles, but many factories closed for the night. Their norm of an early working day (for example, 6 a.m. to 4 p.m.) was not merely a tradition but a functional decision based on this reliance on daylighting. The same was true of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manteigas Burel Factory (2)
Manteigas () is a town and a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 3,430, in an area of . The municipality is located in Guarda District; in Centro Region and Beira Interior Norte Subregion. It is located in the Serra da Estrela Mountains, the highest elevation in Portugal Continental, mainland Portugal. Cities nearby: Guarda, Portugal, Guarda, Seia, Gouveia Municipality, Portugal, Gouveia and Covilhã. The municipal holiday is March 4. Parishes Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (''freguesia (Portugal), freguesias''): * Sameiro * Santa Maria (Town of Manteigas) * São Pedro (Town of Manteigas) * Vale de Amoreira Notable people * Adelino Nunes (born 1960 in Manteigas) a retired Portuguese footballer with 355 club caps and 18 for Portugal national football team, Portugal. Climate See also *Beira Alta Province, Beira Alta References External linksMunicipality official website [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lighting
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (architecture), Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or Architectural light shelf, light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscaping, landscape projects. History With the Control of fire by early humans, discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Berkeley Landmarks, Structures Of Merit, And Historic Districts
This is a list of landmarks in Berkeley, California. "Berkeley Landmarks", "Structures of Merit", and "Historic Districts" are a classification given by the City of Berkeley for buildings or areas of local historic importance. As of 2022, there are 346 listed landmarks by the city of Berkeley. Many of the properties have also received recognition at the federal level by inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places or by designation as National Historic Landmarks Color markings (highest noted listing) List of Berkeley Landmarks List of Berkeley Structures of Merit List of Historic Districts in Berkeley, California * National Historic Landmarks and Districts * Anna Head School for Girls - 2538 Channing Way * Berkeley Day Nursery - 2031 6th St. * Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California), Berkeley High School Historic Campus District—1980 Allston Way, Berkeley, CA 94704 * Hillside Club, Berkeley Hillside Club - 2286 Cedar St. * Berkeley Historic Civic Ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sawtooth Building
The Sawtooth Building is a historic 1913 brick and steel industrial structure in Berkeley, California which was built to serve as the West Coast manufacturing headquarters of the Kawneer Manufacturing Co. It gets its name from the saw-tooth roof A saw-tooth roof is a roof comprising a series of ridges with dual pitches either side. The steeper surfaces are glazed to admit daylight and face away from the equator to shield workers and machinery from direct sunlight. This kind of roof admi ... form of its design. The Sawtooth Building is located at 2547 Eighth Street, between Dwight Way and Parker Street. The building was constructed for the Kawneer Manufacturing Company founder, Swedish born cabinet-maker, architect, inventor, machinist, and businessman Francis John Plym (1869–1940). The aluminum storefront products of the Kawneer Manufacturing Company are considered to have revolutionized storefront design and influenced the appearance of retail and commercial building desi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Telephone Exchange, Melbourne
The Central Telephone Exchange, Melbourne is a building in Central Melbourne, Australia, constructed between May 1907 and early 1909 by the Reinforced Concrete & Monier Pipe Construction Co. headed by engineer Sir John Monash, and designed by architect Samuel Charles Brittingham. The building includes an early example of a reinforced-concrete saw-tooth roof. The building was commissioned by the Public Works Department of the Commonwealth of Australia to house the new telephone service, which came under the recently formed Post Master General's Department following Federation of the Australian Colonies in 1901. the contract for construction was let in February 1908. The Lonsdale Street facade of the exchange was a two-storey Italianate style office block with stone facing with a long, narrow, three-storey building behind. This housed the exchange plant. The design employed reinforced concrete suspended floors supported on the load-bearing brick masonry walls and a centre row of rei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saltaire
Saltaire is a Victorian model village near Shipley, West Yorkshire, England, situated between the River Aire, the railway, and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. Salts Mill and the houses were built by Titus Salt between 1851 and 1871 to allow his workers to live in better conditions than the slums of Bradford. The mill ceased production in 1986, and was converted into a multifunctional location with an art gallery, restaurants, and the headquarters of a technology company. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and on the European Route of Industrial Heritage. History Saltaire was commissioned in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt, a leading industrialist in the Yorkshire woollen industry. The name of the village is a combination of the founder's surname and the name of the river. Salt moved his business (five separate mills) from Bradford to this site near Shipley to arrange his workers and to site his large textile mill by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the railway. Salt employed t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Titus Salt
Sir Titus Salt, 1st Baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876) was an English manufacturer, politician and philanthropist in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, who is best known for having built Salt's Mill, a large textile mill, together with the attached village of Saltaire, West Yorkshire. Early life Titus Salt was born in 1803 to Daniel Salt, a drysalter, and Grace Smithies, daughter of Isaac Smithies, of Old Manor House, Morley where the Salt family were to live. Titus attended a local dame school and then Batley Grammar School. In 1813, the Salt family moved to a farm at Crofton near Wakefield and Daniel became a sheep farmer. Titus attended “the day school connected with Salem Chapel” in Wakefield and later, the grammar school. Titus made a long-standing friend at the day school - his teacher, Enoch Harrison. In 1853, Harrison was a guest at Salt's Mill's opening banquet on Salt's 50th birthday. Career Salt's first job was as a wool-stapler in Wak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Fairbairn
Sir William Fairbairn, 1st Baronet of Ardwick (19 February 1789 – 18 August 1874) was a Scotland, Scottish civil engineer, structural engineer and shipbuilder. In 1854 he succeeded George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson to become the third president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Early career Born in Kelso, Scotland, Kelso to a local farmer, Fairbairn showed an early mechanical aptitude and served as an apprentice millwright in Newcastle upon Tyne where he befriended the young George Stephenson. He moved to Manchester in 1813 to work for Adam Parkinson and Thomas Hewes. In 1817, he launched his mill-machinery business with James Lillie as William Fairbairn & Sons, Fairbairn and Lillie Engine Makers. Structural studies Fairbairn was a lifelong learner and joined the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1830. In the 1820s and 30s, he and Eaton Hodgkinson conducted a search for an optimal cross section (geometry), cross section for iron beam (structure), beams. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farmer
A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farmland or might work as a laborer on land owned by others. In most developed economies, a "farmer" is usually a farm owner ( landowner), while employees of the farm are known as '' farm workers'' (or farmhands). However, in other older definitions a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of plants, land, or crops or raises animals (as livestock or fish) by labor and attention. Over half a billion farmers are smallholders, most of whom are in developing countries and who economically support almost two billion people. Globally, women constitute more than 40% of agricultural employees. History Farming dates back as far as the Neolithic, being one of the defining characteristics of that era. By the Bronze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Day
A business day normally means any day except a legal holiday. It may also mean a business day of operation, any of the days an organization operates. It depends on the local workweek which is dictated by local customs, religions, and business operations. It is related to '' working time'', the period of time that an individual spends at paid occupational labor. Alternatively, a business day may also be defined as any day which the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading or any day except those on which banking institutions are authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close. Working time The working time in a business day varies by region. For example, in the United States and much of the Western world, a typical workday is from 9am to 5pm. In contrast, for many eastern countries such as Japan, the normal business day is from 8:30am to 7pm. The length of a business day varies by era, by region, by industry, and by company. Prevalent norms have incl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candle
A candle is an ignitable candle wick, wick embedded in wax, or another flammable solid substance such as tallow, that provides light, and in some cases, a Aroma compound, fragrance. A candle can also provide heat or a method of keeping time. Candles have been used for over two millennia around the world, and were a significant form of indoor lighting until the invention of other types of light sources. Although electric light has largely made candle use nonessential for illumination, candles are still commonly used for functional, symbolic and aesthetic purposes and in specific cultural and religious settings. Early candles may be made of beeswax, but these candles were expensive and their use was limited to the elite and the churches. Tallow was a cheaper but a less aesthetically pleasing alternative. A variety of different materials have been developed in the modern era for making candles, including paraffin wax, which together with efficient production techniques, made can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Lamp
An oil lamp is a lamp used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source. The use of oil lamps began thousands of years ago and continues to this day, although their use is less common in modern times. They work in the same way as a candle but with fuel that is liquid at room temperature, so that a container for the oil is required. A textile wick drops down into the oil, and is lit at the end, burning the oil as it is drawn up the wick. Oil lamps are a form of lighting, and were used as an alternative to candles before the use of electric lights. Starting in 1780, the Argand lamp quickly replaced other oil lamps still in their basic ancient form. These in turn were replaced by the kerosene lamp in about 1850. In small towns and rural areas the latter continued in use well into the 20th century, until such areas were finally Electrification, electrified and light bulbs could be used. Sources of fuel for oil lamps include a wide variety of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
