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Ruby Programming Language
Ruby is a general-purpose programming language. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object, including primitive data types. It was developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Ruby is interpreted, high-level, and dynamically typed; its interpreter uses garbage collection and just-in-time compilation. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. According to the creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, BASIC, and Lisp. History Early concept According to Matsumoto, Ruby was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the Ruby-Talk mailing list, he shared some of his early ideas about the language: Matsumoto described Ruby's design as resembling a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions, and practical utility like tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multi-paradigm Programming Language
Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of Programming paradigm, paradigms supported. Paradigm summaries A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article. * Concurrent programming language, Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or Futures and promises, futures ** Actor model, Actor programming – concurrent computation with ''actors'' that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour) * Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm) * Dataflow, Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets) * Declarative programming – describes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CoffeeScript
CoffeeScript is a programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It adds syntactic sugar inspired by Ruby, Python, and Haskell in an effort to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability. Some added features include list comprehension and destructuring assignment. CoffeeScript support is included in Ruby on Rails version 3.1 and Play Framework. In 2011, Brendan Eich referenced CoffeeScript as an influence on his thoughts about the future of JavaScript. History On December 13, 2009, Jeremy Ashkenas made the first Git commit of CoffeeScript with the comment "initial commit of the mystery language". The compiler was written in Ruby. On December 24, he made the first tagged and documented release, 0.1.0. On February 21, 2010, he committed version 0.5, which replaced the Ruby compiler with a self-hosting version in pure CoffeeScript. By that time the project had attracted several other contributors on GitHub, and was receiving over 300 page hits per day. On Decembe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ada (programming Language)
Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level programming language, inspired by Pascal and other languages. It has built-in language support for '' design by contract'' (DbC), extremely strong typing, explicit concurrency, tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-determinism. Ada improves code safety and maintainability by using the compiler to find errors in favor of runtime errors. Ada is an international technical standard, jointly defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). , the standard, ISO/IEC 8652:2023, is called Ada 2022 informally. Ada was originally designed by a team led by French computer scientist Jean Ichbiah of Honeywell under contract to the United States Department of Defense (DoD) from 1977 to 1983 to supersede over 450 programming languages then used by the DoD. Ada was named after Ada Lovelace (1815–185 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C (programming Language)
C (''pronounced'' '' – like the letter c'') is a general-purpose programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted Central processing unit, CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in Kernel (operating system), kernels), device drivers, and protocol stacks, but its use in application software has been decreasing. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems. A successor to the programming language B (programming language), B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming langu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruby License
The Ruby License is a free license applied to the Ruby programming language and also available to be used in other projects. It contains an explicit dual licensing clause, stating that software subject to its terms may be distributed under either the terms included in the Ruby License itself or under those of either the GNU General Public Licence v2, or the two-clause BSD License (depending on the version of the Ruby License used). The license is typically considered to be a free software license due to the presence of the dual-licensing clause. History For versions up to 1.9.2, the Ruby programming language was available under an explicit dual-licence scheme which allowed users to choose between a dedicated Ruby licence or the GNU General Public Licence v2 (GPLV2), which is one of the most common free software licences. Starting at version 1.9.3, the dual-licensing clause changed to offer the choice of the FreeBSD License. Compatibility The Ruby License has unus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swift (programming Language)
Swift is a High-level programming language, high-level general-purpose programming language, general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language, multi-paradigm, compiled language, compiled programming language created by Chris Lattner in 2010 for Apple Inc. and maintained by Open-source software movement, the open-source community. Swift compiles to machine code and uses an LLVM-based compiler. Swift was first released in June 2014 and the Swift toolchain has shipped in Xcode since Xcode version 6, released in September 2014. Apple intended Swift to support many core concepts associated with Objective-C, notably dynamic dispatch, widespread late binding, extensible programming, and similar features, but in a "safer" way, making it easier to catch software bugs; Swift has features addressing some common programming errors like null pointer Dereference operator, dereferencing and provides syntactic sugar to help avoid the Pyramid of doom (programming), pyramid of doom. Swift sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rust (programming Language)
Rust is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose programming language emphasizing Computer performance, performance, type safety, and Concurrency (computer science), concurrency. It enforces memory safety, meaning that all Reference (computer science), references point to valid memory. It does so without a conventional Garbage collection (computer science), garbage collector; instead, memory safety errors and data races are prevented by the "borrow checker", which tracks the object lifetime of references Compiler, at compile time. Rust does not enforce a programming paradigm, but was influenced by ideas from functional programming, including Immutable object, immutability, higher-order functions, algebraic data types, and pattern matching. It also supports object-oriented programming via structs, Enumerated type, enums, traits, and methods. It is popular for systems programming. Software developer Graydon Hoare created Rust as a personal project while working at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ring (programming Language)
Ring is a dynamic programming language, dynamically typed, general-purpose programming language. It can be embedded in C/C++ projects, extended using C/C++ code or used as a standalone language. The supported programming paradigms are Imperative programming, imperative, Procedural programming, procedural, Object-oriented programming, object-oriented, Functional programming, functional, Metaprogramming, meta, Declarative programming, declarative using nested structures, and Natural-language programming, natural programming. The language is portable (Windows, Linux, macOS, Android (operating system), Android, WebAssembly, etc.) and can be used to create Console application, console, Graphical user interface, GUI, Web application, web, PC game, game and mobile applications. History In 2009, Mahmoud Samir Fayed created a minor domain-specific language called Supernova that focuses on User interface, User interface (UI) creation and uses some ideas related to Natural-language programmi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nu (programming Language)
Nu is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, with a Lisp-like syntax, created by Tim Burks as an alternative scripting language to program OS X through its Cocoa application programming interface (API). Implementations also exist for iPhone and Linux. The language was first announced at C4, a conference for indie Mac developers held in August 2007. Example code This Nu code defines a simple complex numbers class. (class Complex is NSObject (ivar (double) real (double) imaginary) (- initWithReal:(double) x imaginary:(double) y is (super init) (set @real x) (set @imaginary y) self)) The example is a basic definition of a complex number: it defines the instance variables, and a method to initialize the object. It shows the similarity between the code in Nu and the equivalent in Objective-C; it also shows the similarity with Ruby. (unless @prefix (set @prefix "#..")) (unless @icon_files (set @icon_ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirah (programming Language)
Mirah (formerly Duby) has been a programming language based on Ruby language syntax, local type inference, hybrid static–dynamic type system, and a pluggable compiler toolchain. Mirah was created by Charles Oliver Nutter to be "a 'Ruby-like' language, probably a subset of Ruby syntax, that ouldcompile to solid, fast, idiomatic JVM bytecode." The word ' refers to the gemstone ruby in the Javanese language, a play on the concept of Ruby in Java. History To foster more participation in the JRuby project from Ruby community members, Nutter began to explore the possibility of presenting Ruby syntax, but with a static type model and direct-to-native compiling. In this context, "native" meant mainly the Java virtual machine (JVM), but Mirah has been designed around the possibility of having alternative backends for other object-oriented runtimes like the Common Language Runtime (CLR) of the .NET Framework. The language needed to look and feel like Ruby, and to introduce no new l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julia (programming Language)
Julia is a high-level programming language, high-level, general-purpose programming language, general-purpose dynamic programming language, dynamic programming language, designed to be fast and productive, for e.g. data science, artificial intelligence, machine learning, modeling and simulation, most commonly used for numerical analysis and computational science. Distinctive aspects of Julia's design include a type system with parametric polymorphism and the use of multiple dispatch as a core programming paradigm, a default just-in-time compilation, just-in-time (JIT) compiler (with support for ahead-of-time compilation) and an tracing garbage collection, efficient (multi-threaded) garbage collection implementation. Notably Julia does not support classes with encapsulated methods and instead it relies on structs with generic methods/functions not tied to them. By default, Julia is run similarly to scripting languages, using its runtime, and allows for read–eval–print loop, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groovy (programming Language)
Apache Groovy is a Java-syntax-compatible object-oriented programming language for the Java platform. It is both a static and dynamic language with features similar to those of Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk. It can be used as both a programming language and a scripting language for the Java Platform, is compiled to Java virtual machine (JVM) bytecode, and interoperates seamlessly with other Java code and libraries. Groovy uses a curly-bracket syntax similar to Java's. Groovy supports closures, multiline strings, and expressions embedded in strings. Much of Groovy's power lies in its AST transformations, triggered through annotations. Groovy 1.0 was released on January 2, 2007, and Groovy 2.0 in July, 2012. Since version 2, Groovy can be compiled statically, offering type inference and performance near that of Java. Groovy 2.4 was the last major release under Pivotal Software's sponsorship which ended in March 2015. Groovy has since changed its governance structure to a Proj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
